Rhinella: Difference between revisions

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| ||''{{extinct}}[[Rhinella loba]]'' {{small|Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Ben|first1=Celeste M.|last2=Gómez|first2=Raúl O.|last3=Báez|first3=Ana M.|date=2019-04-04|title=A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|language=en|pages=e1576183|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183|s2cid=133110392|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> || ||Argentina.
| ||''{{extinct}}[[Rhinella loba]]'' {{small|Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Ben|first1=Celeste M.|last2=Gómez|first2=Raúl O.|last3=Báez|first3=Ana M.|date=2019-04-04|title=A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|language=en|pages=e1576183|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183|s2cid=133110392|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> || ||Argentina.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|[[File:Rhinella macrorhina.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Rhinella macrorhina]]'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Santa Rita beaked toad ||
|[[File:Rhinella macrorhina.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Rhinella macrorhina]]'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Santa Rita beaked toad || Colombia
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella magnussoni]]'' {{small|Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella magnussoni]]'' {{small|Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007}} || ||
Line 163: Line 163:
| ||''[[Rhinella nesiotes]]'' {{small|(Duellman & Toft, 1979)}} || Laguna toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella nesiotes]]'' {{small|(Duellman & Toft, 1979)}} || Laguna toad ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella nicefori]]'' {{small|(Cochran & Goin, 1970)}} || Colombian beaked toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella nicefori]]'' {{small|(Cochran & Goin, 1970)}} || Colombian beaked toad || Colombia (Antioquia)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella ocellata]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Ocellated toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella ocellata]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Ocellated toad ||
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| [[File:Rhinella ornata 02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella ornata]]'' {{small|Spix, 1824}} || ||
| [[File:Rhinella ornata 02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella ornata]]'' {{small|Spix, 1824}} || ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella paraguas]]'' {{small|Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella paraguas]]'' {{small|Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014}} || ||Colombia (Chocó)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella paraguayensis]]'' {{small|Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella paraguayensis]]'' {{small|Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010}} || ||Paraguay
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| [[File:Bufo poeppigii02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella poeppigii]]'' {{small|(Tschudi, 1845)}} || Gray toad ||
| [[File:Bufo poeppigii02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella poeppigii]]'' {{small|(Tschudi, 1845)}} || Gray toad ||Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| [[File:Bufo proboscideus02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella proboscidea]]'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || Beaked toad ||
| [[File:Bufo proboscideus02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella proboscidea]]'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || Beaked toad || Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella pygmaea]]'' {{small|(Myers & Carvalho, 1952)}} || Rio Parahyba toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella pygmaea]]'' {{small|(Myers & Carvalho, 1952)}} || Rio Parahyba toad ||Brazil.
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella quechua]]'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1961)}} || Incachaca toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella quechua]]'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1961)}} || Incachaca toad ||Bolivia
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|[[File:Rhinella roqueana 32302817.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella roqueana]]'' {{small|(Melin, 1941)}} || ||
|[[File:Rhinella roqueana 32302817.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella roqueana]]'' {{small|(Melin, 1941)}} || ||northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella rostrata]]'' {{small|(Noble, 1920)}} || Mesopotamia beaked toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella rostrata]]'' {{small|(Noble, 1920)}} || Mesopotamia beaked toad || Colombia (Antioquia)
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|[[File:Bufo rubescens02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella rubescens]]'' {{small|(Lutz, 1925)}} || ||
|[[File:Bufo rubescens02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella rubescens]]'' {{small|(Lutz, 1925)}} || ||Brazil.
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella rubropunctata]]'' {{small|(Guichenot, 1848)}} || Rusty toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella rubropunctata]]'' {{small|(Guichenot, 1848)}} || Rusty toad || Chile and Argentina.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella ruizi]]'' {{small|(Grant, 2000)}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella ruizi]]'' {{small|(Grant, 2000)}} || || Colombia (Antioquia)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella rumbolli]]'' {{small|(Carrizo, 1992)}} || Salta toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella rumbolli]]'' {{small|(Carrizo, 1992)}} || Salta toad || Bolivia
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|[[File:Bufo scitulus02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella scitula]]'' {{small|(Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003)}} || ||
|[[File:Bufo scitulus02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella scitula]]'' {{small|(Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003)}} || ||Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella sclerocephala]]'' {{small|(Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001)}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella sclerocephala]]'' {{small|(Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001)}} || ||Venezuela.
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella sebbeni]]'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella sebbeni]]'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015}} || ||Brazil
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella spinulosa]]'' {{small|(Wiegmann, 1834)}} || Warty toad; Huanuco toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella spinulosa]]'' {{small|(Wiegmann, 1834)}} || Warty toad; Huanuco toad || Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella stanlaii]]'' {{small|(Lötters & Köhler, 2000)}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella stanlaii]]'' {{small|(Lötters & Köhler, 2000)}} || || Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|[[File:Rhinella sternosignata 62640906.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella sternosignata]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Falcon toad ||
|[[File:Rhinella sternosignata 62640906.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella sternosignata]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Falcon toad ||Colombia and Venezuela.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella tacana]]'' {{small|(Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006)}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella tacana]]'' {{small|(Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006)}} || ||Bolivia (La Paz)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella tenrec]]'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Antioquia Beaked Toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella tenrec]]'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Antioquia Beaked Toad ||Colombia.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella truebae]]'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Trueb's Beaked Toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella truebae]]'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Trueb's Beaked Toad ||Colombia.
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella vellardi]]'' {{small|(Leviton & Duellman, 1978)}} || Alto Maranon toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella vellardi]]'' {{small|(Leviton & Duellman, 1978)}} || Alto Maranon toad ||Peru.
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ||''[[Rhinella veraguensis]]'' {{small|(Schmidt, 1857)}} || Veragua toad ||
| ||''[[Rhinella veraguensis]]'' {{small|(Schmidt, 1857)}} || Veragua toad ||Bolivia and southeastern Peru
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella veredas]]'' {{small|(Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007)}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella veredas]]'' {{small|(Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007)}} || ||Brazil(Piauí and Bahia)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ||''[[Rhinella yanachaga]]'' {{small|Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007}} || ||
| ||''[[Rhinella yanachaga]]'' {{small|Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007}} || || Peru (Pasco)
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| [[File:A male and a female of Rhinella yunga.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella yunga]]'' {{small|(Mordavec, Lehr, 2014)}} || ||
| [[File:A male and a female of Rhinella yunga.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Rhinella yunga]]'' {{small|(Mordavec, Lehr, 2014)}} || || Peru (Yungas)
|}
|}


Revision as of 09:00, 28 March 2022

Rhinella
Cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rhinella
Fitzinger, 1826
Type species
Rhinella proboscidea
Spix, 1824
Species

94 species; see table

Synonyms
  • Chaunus Wagler, 1828
  • Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.

Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]

Etymology

  • Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[2]
  • Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).[3][4]
  • Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)[5] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).[2]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Rhinella:[6]

Image Binomial name and author Common name Distribution
Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) southeastern Brazil w(eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina, and northern Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) Cordoba toad northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces).
Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) Cerro Mali beaked toad Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama
Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) Brazil, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela.
Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador
Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) Loja Province, Ecuador
Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) Cochabamba toad Bolivia (Cochabamba Department)
Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) Mendoza Pass toad Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region)
Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) Common toad; Argentine toad Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes
Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) Rio Chili toad Peru
Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) Arunco; Concepcion toad Chile
Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) Vallenar toad; Atacama toad Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region)
Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) Paraguay
Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) Rivero's Toad Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad
Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010 Argentina
Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014 Brazil(Ceará)
Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991) Para toad Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo), and eastern Peru
Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009 Panama(Chiriquí)
Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) Horned toad Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil
Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007 Brazil ( Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes)
Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) Rio Viejo toad Honduras
Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021) Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province)
Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) Striped toad eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro
Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) Bom Jardim toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) Cope's toad; cururu toad Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil
Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Dorbigny's toad northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southeastern Brazil
Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020[7] Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia), and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios).
Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) Bella Vista toad Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) Valle Santiago beaked toad Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) Carabaya toad Bolivia and Peru.
Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) Gallardo's toad Argentina
Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 Brazil
Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) Rio Grande toad Argentina
Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) Common lesser toad Brazil.
Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) Brazil.
Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) Brazil
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) Cane toad north-western South America
Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965) Rivero's toad Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) Yellow Cururu toad northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay
Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) Inca toad Peru.
Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012 Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil
Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) Rio Perene toad Peru
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) Cururu toad Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo)
Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) El Chape toad Bolivia
Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) Peru
Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 French Guiana, Suriname
Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017 Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad Peru
Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) Peru Coast toad Peru.
Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) Murri beaked toad Colombia
†Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019[8] Argentina.
Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) Santa Rita beaked toad Colombia
Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007
Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936)
Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007
Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) South American common toad
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) Cane toad
Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007
Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965)
Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965)
Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005)
Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967)
Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) Laguna toad
Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) Colombian beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) Ocellated toad
Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824
Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014 Colombia (Chocó)
Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010 Paraguay
Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) Gray toad Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) Beaked toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) Rio Parahyba toad Brazil.
Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) Incachaca toad Bolivia
Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941) northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil
Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) Mesopotamia beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) Brazil.
Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848) Rusty toad Chile and Argentina.
Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) Salta toad Bolivia
Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) Venezuela.
Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 Brazil
Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) Warty toad; Huanuco toad Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru
Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz)
Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858) Falcon toad Colombia and Venezuela.
Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) Bolivia (La Paz)
Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) Antioquia Beaked Toad Colombia.
Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) Trueb's Beaked Toad Colombia.
Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) Alto Maranon toad Peru.
Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) Veragua toad Bolivia and southeastern Peru
Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) Brazil(Piauí and Bahia)
Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007 Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014) Peru (Yungas)

Notes

  1. ^ Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  2. ^ a b Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
  3. ^ d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
  4. ^ χαῦνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  5. ^ "rhamphoid". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  6. ^ "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  7. ^ Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina Pimentel; Ron, Santiago; Santos, Sueny Paloma dos; Hanken, James (2020-12-28). "New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia". Copeia. 108 (4): 967–986. doi:10.1643/CH2020043. ISSN 0045-8511.
  8. ^ Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 133110392.

References

  • Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinella&oldid=1079726696"