Junonia: Difference between revisions
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|[[File:Caterpillar (Junonia evarete).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Tropical Buckeye (Junonia cf evarete) (9492567657).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia evarete]]'' <small>(Cramer, [1779])</small>|| || South & Central America |
|[[File:Caterpillar (Junonia evarete).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Tropical Buckeye (Junonia cf evarete) (9492567657).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia evarete]]'' <small>(Cramer, [1779])</small>|| || South & Central America |
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| ||[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Junonia genoveva, Yaupi.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia genoveva]]'' <small>(Cramer, [1780])</small>|| || |
| ||[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Junonia genoveva, Yaupi.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia genoveva]]'' <small>(Cramer, [1780])</small>|| ||Central America, Honduras, Florida (US), Bahamas, Antilles, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Paraguay, Uruguay |
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| ||[[File:Junonia goudotii.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia goudotii]]'' <small>(Boisduval, 1833)</small>|| || |
| ||[[File:Junonia goudotii.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia goudotii]]'' <small>(Boisduval, 1833)</small>|| || Madagascar, the Comoros and Mauritius |
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| ||[[File:Gregori's brown pansy (Junonia gregorii) 2.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia gregorii]]'' <small>Butler, [1896]</small> || Gregori's brown pansy || |
| ||[[File:Gregori's brown pansy (Junonia gregorii) 2.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia gregorii]]'' <small>Butler, [1896]</small> || Gregori's brown pansy || eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Tanzania and Kenya |
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| ||[[File:Junonia grisea - inat 19938813.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia grisea]]'' <small>Austin & Emmel, 1998</small> || gray buckeye || |
| ||[[File:Junonia grisea - inat 19938813.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia grisea]]'' <small>Austin & Emmel, 1998</small> || gray buckeye || North America, west of the Rocky Mountains |
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| |||| ''[[Junonia hadrope]]'' <small>Doubleday, [1847]</small> || Volta pansy|| |
| |||| ''[[Junonia hadrope]]'' <small>Doubleday, [1847]</small> || Volta pansy||Ghana (the Volta Region) |
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| ||[[File:Brown Pansy (8410724047).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia hedonia]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1764)</small> || brown pansy || |
| ||[[File:Brown Pansy (8410724047).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia hedonia]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1764)</small> || brown pansy ||Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Australia. |
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|[[File:Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (3787951420).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Yellow pansy (Junonia hierta cebrene) male.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia hierta]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1798)</small> || yellow pansy || |
|[[File:Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (3787951420).jpg|120px]] ||[[File:Yellow pansy (Junonia hierta cebrene) male.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Junonia hierta]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1798)</small> || yellow pansy || Southwestern China, Sikkim, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Arabia |
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| |||| ''[[Junonia intermedia]]'' <small>(C. & R. Felder, [1867])</small>|| || |
| |||| ''[[Junonia intermedia]]'' <small>(C. & R. Felder, [1867])</small>|| || |
Revision as of 05:48, 26 February 2022
Junonia | |
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Junonia villida | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Nymphalidae |
Tribe: | Junoniini |
Genus: | Junonia Hübner, [1819] |
Type species | |
Junonia evarete (Cramer, 1779)
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Species | |
Around 40, see text | |
Synonyms | |
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Junonia is a genus of nymphalid butterflies, described by Jacob Hübner in 1819.[1] They are commonly known as buckeyes, pansies or commodores. This genus flies on every continent except Antarctica. The genus contains roughly 30 to 35 species.
Description
These butterflies are medium to large (wingspan 40–110 mm). The ground colour is brown or grey suffused blue. Spots on the wings are orange, blue or pink and sometimes large. Many of the species can occur in several colour forms. The head is of moderate size with smooth, prominent eyes. The palpi are rather long, sharply pointed, ascending, generally convergent and scaly, sometimes more or less hairy. The antennae are of moderate length, generally with a rather short, abruptly formed club. The thorax is robust, ovate, rather sparingly clothed with hairs. The wing characters are: large, broad, variable in outline. Forewing: costa more or less arched, sometimes very strongly so; apical portion more or less produced, sometimes very prominent, with a strong projection on the hind margin at the extremity of the first discoidal nervule; hind margin always more or less dentate and emarginate, with, in many species, a considerable projection at extremity of third median nervule; inner margin nearly straight, or slightly emarginate about centre; discoidal cell generally closed by a slender nervule. Hindwing: costa strongly arched at base, and more or less so throughout; hind margin always more or less scalloped, sometimes simply rounded (without any marked projections), sometimes with a more or less elongate production of anal angle, and occasionally with a longer or shorter projection of hind margin at extremity of first median nervule; inner margins deeply grooved and entirely covering the under surface of the abdomen; discoidal cell generally open. The abdomen short, compressed, rather slender.
The larvae are rather stout, almost of equal thickness throughout, armed with strong branched spines; sometimes with two short, similar spines on head. The pupae are moderately angulated, with raised tubercles on the back, head slightly bifid. Sometimes hardly angulated, the anterior portions more rounded.
Biology
Junonia are good fliers. The larvae feed on a wide variety of plants, among others Labiatae, Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Onagraceae, Leguminosae, Balsaminaceae, Gramineae, Melastomataceae, Plantaginaceae, Aucubaceae and Compositae. The species found in South India generally show very sensitive behaviour.
Taxonomy
The leaf butterflies J. ansorgei and J. cymodoce (both from Africa) have traditionally been included in Kallima, but this genus is now usually limited to Asian species. Instead of being placed in Junonia, the two are sometimes awarded their own genus, Kamilla. The leaf butterfly J. tugela is sometimes included in Precis instead of Junonia.
Recent phylogenetic and DNA research resulted some subspecies being elevated to species rank, along with some new species descriptions. Currently, the species Junonia divaricata, Junonia evarete, Junonia genoveva, and Junonia litoralis are restricted to South America. Six species are present in the United States: Junonia coenia, Junonia grisea, Junonia neildi, Junonia nigrosuffusa, Junonia stemosa, and Junonia zonalis.[2]
The species in Junonia:[3][4][5]
Caterpillar | Butterfly | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
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Junonia adulatrix (Fruhstorfer, 1903) | ||||
Junonia africana (Richelmann, 1913) | Cameroon | |||
Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) | peacock pansy | Cambodia and South Asia | ||
Junonia ansorgei (Rothschild, 1899) | Ansorge's leaf butterfly | Cameroon, the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Ethiopia, Uganda, western Kenya, western Tanzania and Zambia. | ||
Junonia artaxia Hewitson, 1864 | commodore | eastern Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Lomami, Kabinda, Lualaba, Shaba and Tanganika) Burundi, Kenya, southern and western Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. | ||
Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) | grey pansy or gray pansy | India, southern China, Cambodia, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, western and central Indonesia, and the Philippines. | ||
Junonia chorimene (Guérin-Méneville, [1844]) | golden pansy | Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu and Lualaba), Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, northern and western Kenya, northern Tanzania, south-western Arabia and Yemen. | ||
Junonia coenia Hübner, [1822] | (common) buckeye | Southern Canada, United States, Bermuda, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and southern Mexico | ||
Junonia cytora Doubleday, 1847 (formerly Salamis cytora) | western blue beauty | Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, and Benin | ||
Junonia cymodoce (Cramer, [1777]) | western leaf, blue leaf butterfly | Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Uganda, western Tanzania and north-western Zambia | ||
Junonia divaricata C. & R. Felder, [1867] | Suriname, French Guiana | |||
Junonia erigone (Cramer, [1775]) | northern argus | Java and New Guinea | ||
Junonia evarete (Cramer, [1779]) | South & Central America | |||
Junonia genoveva (Cramer, [1780]) | Central America, Honduras, Florida (US), Bahamas, Antilles, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Paraguay, Uruguay | |||
Junonia goudotii (Boisduval, 1833) | Madagascar, the Comoros and Mauritius | |||
Junonia gregorii Butler, [1896] | Gregori's brown pansy | eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Tanzania and Kenya | ||
Junonia grisea Austin & Emmel, 1998 | gray buckeye | North America, west of the Rocky Mountains | ||
Junonia hadrope Doubleday, [1847] | Volta pansy | Ghana (the Volta Region) | ||
Junonia hedonia (Linnaeus, 1764) | brown pansy | Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Australia. | ||
Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) | yellow pansy | Southwestern China, Sikkim, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Arabia | ||
Junonia intermedia (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) | ||||
Junonia iphita (Cramer, [1779]) | chocolate pansy | |||
Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) | lemon pansy | |||
Junonia litoralis Brévignon, 2009 | ||||
Junonia natalica (Felder, 1860) | Natal pansy | |||
Junonia neildi Brévignon, 2004 | mangrove buckeye | |||
Junonia nigrosuffusa Barnes & McDunnough, 1916 | dark buckeye | |||
Junonia oenone (Linnaeus, 1758) | dark blue pansy | |||
Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758) | eyed pansy or blue pansy | |||
Junonia pacoma Grishin, 2020 | Pacific mangrove buckeye | |||
Junonia rhadama (Boisduval, 1833) | brilliant blue | |||
Junonia schmiedeli (Fiedler, 1920) | ||||
Junonia sophia (Fabricius, 1793) | little commodore | |||
Junonia stemosa Grishin, 2020 | twintip buckeye | |||
Junonia stygia (Aurivillius, 1894) | brown pansy or dark pansy | |||
Junonia terea (Druce, 1773) | soldier commodore or soldier pansy | |||
Junonia timorensis Wallace, 1869 | ||||
Junonia touhilimasa Vuillot, 1892 | naval pansy | |||
Junonia tugela (Trimen, 1879) | African leaf butterfly (moved to Precis tugela) | |||
Junonia vestina C. & R. Felder, [1867] | Andean buckeye | |||
Junonia villida (Fabricius, 1787) | meadow argus | |||
Junonia wahlbergi Brévignon, 2008 | ||||
Junonia westermanni Westwood, 1870 | blue spot pansy | |||
Junonia zonalis C. & R. Felder, [1867] | Caribbean buckeye |
Gallery
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J. almana
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J. artaxia
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J. atlites
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J. chorimene
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J. coenia
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J. goudotii
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J. hedonia
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J. hierta
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J. iphita
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J. lemonias
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J. natalica
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J. neildi
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J. nigrosuffusa
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J. oenone
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J. orithya
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J. rhadama
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J. sophia
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J. stygia
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J. terea
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J. villida
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J. zonalis
References
- ^ Hübner, J. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 17-176, 1819.
- ^ Cong, Qian; Zhang, Jing; Shen, Jinhui; Cao, Xiaolong; et al. (2020). "Speciation in North American Junonia from a genomic perspective". Systematic Entomology. 45 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12428. S2CID 213479182.
- ^ "Junonia Hübner, [1819]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ^ Junoniini Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Nymphalidae.net
- ^ Cong, Q., Zhang, J., Shen, J.H., Cao, X.L, Brévignon, C. & Grishin, N.V. 2020. Speciation in North American Junonia from a genomic perspective. Systematic Entomology 45(4): 803–837. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12428.