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The '''akuma''' (悪魔) is a malevolent fire spirit in [[Japanese folklore]]. It is also described as a category of undefined beings who brought afflictions on humans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ashkenazi|first=Michael|title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=1-57607-467-6|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=|language=en}}</ref>
The '''akuma''' (悪魔) is a malevolent fire spirit in [[Japanese folklore]]. It is also described as a category of undefined beings who brought afflictions on humans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ashkenazi|first=Michael|title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-467-6|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=|language=en}}</ref>


Alternative names for the ''akuma'' is ''ma'' (ま). It is often translated to [[devil]] in English, or [[demon]]. ''Akuma'' is the name assigned to [[Satan]] in [[Japanese Christianity]], and the [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] in Japanese [[Buddhism]].
Alternative names for the ''akuma'' is ''ma'' (ま). It is often translated to [[devil]] in English, or [[demon]]. ''Akuma'' is the name assigned to [[Satan]] in [[Japanese Christianity]], and the [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] in Japanese [[Buddhism]].


==Mythology==
==Mythology==
Akuma first appeared in Buddhist texts although it became more popular during the [[Heian period]] from 794 to 1186 AD.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Spirits and Ghosts in World Mythology|last=Bane|first=Theresa|date=2016|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|year=|isbn=978-1-4766-6355-5|location=Jefferson, NC|pages=19}}</ref> Later, mainstream usage associated the name with the Christian Satan. It is said that, due to the lack of monotheism, there was no opponent of God so akuma became the equivalent of Satan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Link|first=Luther|title=Devil: A Mask Without a Face|date=1995|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=|isbn=0-948462-67-1|location=London|pages=188}}</ref>
Akuma first appeared in Buddhist texts although it became more popular during the [[Heian period]] from 794 to 1186 AD.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Spirits and Ghosts in World Mythology|last=Bane|first=Theresa|date=2016|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|isbn=978-1-4766-6355-5|location=Jefferson, NC|pages=19}}</ref> Later, mainstream usage associated the name with the Christian Satan. It is said that, due to the lack of monotheism, there was no opponent of God so akuma became the equivalent of Satan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Link|first=Luther|title=Devil: A Mask Without a Face|date=1995|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=0-948462-67-1|location=London|pages=188}}</ref>


An ''akuma'' is typically depicted as an entity with a fiery head and eyes, and carrying a sword. The ''akuma'' is typically said to be able to fly, and to be a harbinger of ominous and terrible fortune and can bring misfortune to those who happen to see it. {{cn|date=August 2017}}
An ''akuma'' is typically depicted as an entity with a fiery head and eyes, and carrying a sword. The ''akuma'' is typically said to be able to fly, and to be a harbinger of ominous and terrible fortune and can bring misfortune to those who happen to see it. {{cn|date=August 2017}}


Traditionally, the Japanese describes mental illness as a direct result of the presence of evil spirits, particularly by akuma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Nurse's Guide to Women's Mental Health|last=RN|first=Michele R. Davidson, PhD, CNM, CFN|date=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company, LLC|year=|isbn=978-0-8261-7113-9|location=New York|pages=34}}</ref>
Traditionally, the Japanese describes mental illness as a direct result of the presence of evil spirits, particularly by akuma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Nurse's Guide to Women's Mental Health|last=RN|first=Michele R. Davidson, PhD, CNM, CFN|date=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company, LLC|isbn=978-0-8261-7113-9|location=New York|pages=34}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* Akuma is featured in the Japanese novels such as [[Zenzō Kasai|Kazai Zenzo]]'s ''Akuma'' (1912); [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa|Akutagawa Ryunosuke]]'s ''The Devil's Tobacco'' (1916); and, [[Tamura Taijiro]]'s ''The Demon of the Flesh'' (1946).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan Encyclopedia|last=Frédéric|first=Louis|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=|isbn=0-674-00770-0|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=22, 484, 945, 949}}</ref>
* Akuma is featured in the Japanese novels such as [[Zenzō Kasai|Kazai Zenzo]]'s ''Akuma'' (1912); [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa|Akutagawa Ryunosuke]]'s ''The Devil's Tobacco'' (1916); and, [[Tamura Taijiro]]'s ''The Demon of the Flesh'' (1946).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan Encyclopedia|last=Frédéric|first=Louis|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-00770-0|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=22, 484, 945, 949}}</ref>
*The Japanese translation of [[Diana Wynne Jones]]' ''[[Howl's Moving Castle]]'' was translated into Japanese in 1997 as ''Mahotsukai Hauru to hi no akuma'' (''The wizard Howl and the fire demon'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aoyama|first=Tomoko|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=MU2DBAAAQBAJ&dq=akuma+japan+fortune&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Configurations of Family in Contemporary Japan|last2=Dales|first2=Laura|last3=Dasgupta|first3=Romit|date=2014-09-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97499-4|language=en}}</ref>
*The Japanese translation of [[Diana Wynne Jones]]' ''[[Howl's Moving Castle]]'' was translated into Japanese in 1997 as ''Mahotsukai Hauru to hi no akuma'' (''The wizard Howl and the fire demon'').<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aoyama|first1=Tomoko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MU2DBAAAQBAJ&dq=akuma+japan+fortune|title=Configurations of Family in Contemporary Japan|last2=Dales|first2=Laura|last3=Dasgupta|first3=Romit|date=2014-09-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97499-4|language=en}}</ref>
*In the fighting game series ''[[Street Fighter]]'', [[Akuma (Street Fighter)|Akuma]] is the American name of a character named Gouki.
*In the fighting game series ''[[Street Fighter]]'', [[Akuma (Street Fighter)|Akuma]] is the American name of a character named Gouki.
* In the television series ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir|Miraculous]]'', an akuma is a creature resembling a moth that can grant powers to any civilian through negative emotions. No matter their initial intentions, the one granted these powers inevitably goes on a destructive rampage in pursuing whoever caused that emotion.
* In the television series ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir|Miraculous]]'', an akuma is a creature resembling a moth that can grant powers to any civilian through negative emotions. No matter their initial intentions, the one granted these powers inevitably goes on a destructive rampage in pursuing whoever caused that emotion.

Revision as of 18:40, 13 September 2020

Part of a series on
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The akuma (悪魔) is a malevolent fire spirit in Japanese folklore. It is also described as a category of undefined beings who brought afflictions on humans.[1]

Alternative names for the akuma is ma (ま). It is often translated to devil in English, or demon. Akuma is the name assigned to Satan in Japanese Christianity, and the Mara in Japanese Buddhism.

Mythology

Akuma first appeared in Buddhist texts although it became more popular during the Heian period from 794 to 1186 AD.[2] Later, mainstream usage associated the name with the Christian Satan. It is said that, due to the lack of monotheism, there was no opponent of God so akuma became the equivalent of Satan.[3]

An akuma is typically depicted as an entity with a fiery head and eyes, and carrying a sword. The akuma is typically said to be able to fly, and to be a harbinger of ominous and terrible fortune and can bring misfortune to those who happen to see it. [citation needed]

Traditionally, the Japanese describes mental illness as a direct result of the presence of evil spirits, particularly by akuma.[4]

In popular culture

  • Akuma is featured in the Japanese novels such as Kazai Zenzo's Akuma (1912); Akutagawa Ryunosuke's The Devil's Tobacco (1916); and, Tamura Taijiro's The Demon of the Flesh (1946).[5]
  • The Japanese translation of Diana Wynne Jones' Howl's Moving Castle was translated into Japanese in 1997 as Mahotsukai Hauru to hi no akuma (The wizard Howl and the fire demon).[6]
  • In the fighting game series Street Fighter, Akuma is the American name of a character named Gouki.
  • In the television series Miraculous, an akuma is a creature resembling a moth that can grant powers to any civilian through negative emotions. No matter their initial intentions, the one granted these powers inevitably goes on a destructive rampage in pursuing whoever caused that emotion.
  • In the manga D.Gray-man Akuma are machines created from the souls of deceased humans and are contained within the body of someone who grieves for them.
  • Karateka based from Atari/Nintendo family system video game, the final boss is called Warlord Akuma who kidnapped Mariko.

References

  1. ^ Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-467-6.
  2. ^ Bane, Theresa (2016). Encyclopedia of Spirits and Ghosts in World Mythology. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4766-6355-5.
  3. ^ Link, Luther (1995). Devil: A Mask Without a Face. London: Reaktion Books. p. 188. ISBN 0-948462-67-1.
  4. ^ RN, Michele R. Davidson, PhD, CNM, CFN (2012). A Nurse's Guide to Women's Mental Health. New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8261-7113-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 22, 484, 945, 949. ISBN 0-674-00770-0.
  6. ^ Aoyama, Tomoko; Dales, Laura; Dasgupta, Romit (2014-09-15). Configurations of Family in Contemporary Japan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97499-4.
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