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The kuda-gitsune or kuda-kitsune (管狐, クダ狐), also pronounced kanko, is a type of spirit possession in legends around various parts of Japan. It may be known otherwise as osaki especially in the Kantō region, and also considered equivalent to the izuna.

It was believed to assume the guise of a small mammal and able to fit inside a pipe or bamboo tube, but normally only its keeper or user (kitsune-tsukai) was able to see it. The user, through the power of the kuda, was believed capable of divulging a person's past or fortelling his future; this soothsayer was also capable of performing curses, bringing calamity upon targets. In regions where the superstition was held, a prospering household could be accused of achieving its prosperity because it was a house possed by the spirit (kuda-tsuki). The fox (and its analogues by other names) was said to multiply in number each time a marriage took place, following the bride to her place of marriage, thus disseminating into more households.

Nomenclature

The kuda-gitsune or kuda-kitsune (管狐, クダ狐), which in Chinese fashion (onyomi) can also be read as kanko (old romanization kwanko), derives its name from being small enough to fit inside a tube, according to one explanation.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It may also have earned its name due to its tail resembling a tube spliced in two.^[5] Folklorist Yanagita Kunio conjectured that the kuda alluded to a god's descent (verb: kudaru) from the mountain, this god Ta-no-Kami ("rice paddy god") being roughly equated with the Yama-no-Kami or "mountain god".^[6]^[7]

Aliases

The izuna (飯綱) is a kindred sort of spirit, employed by the "fox-user" or kitsune-tsukai (狐遣い),^[a]^[10] (although in modern standard Japanese, the word is pronounced īzuna and denotes the least weasel).

The osaki fox is also identified as an equivalent spirit employed by the "fox-user" (kitsune tsukai).^[10]

According to one summarization, the term kuda-gitsune (クダ狐) is prevelant in the central region (Chūbu region, around Nagoya), whereas the appellation izuna tends to be used in the northeast (Tōhoku), and osaki in the northern Kantō region.^[11]

Geography

The kuda-gitsune lore is found in Nagano Prefecture,^[12]^[5] and Chūbu region and parts of the Tōkai region (Mikawa and Tōtomi Provinces of old^[1]), southern Kantō region, Tōhoku region, and so on.^[13] There are no legends of kudagitsune in Kantō besides the Chiba Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture, and this is said to be because Kantō is the domain of the osaki fox.^[14]

These lore of the kanko (kuda-gitsune) are also said to be numerous in the northern mountains of Suruga, Tōtōmi, and Mikawa Provinces.^{[citation needed]}

General description

The Edo Period essay collection Kasshi yawa [ja] (1841) by Matsura Seizan carried an illustration (above) whose caption sets its body length at 1.2–1.3 shaku (36–39 cm), which somewhat larger than usually described; however, the text proper says it is about the size of a weasel (<30cm?), and carried inside a bamboo tube.^[15]

The Sōzan chomon kishū (想山著聞奇集) (1850) also provided visual illustration of a specific anecdotal example,^[b] which reportedly had a cat-like face, otter-like body, gray-colored fur, and was about the size of a squirrel, with a thick tail.^[15]^[12]

And according to Asakawa Zen'an [ja]'s essay collection Zen'an zuihitsu (善庵随筆) (pub. 1850), the kanko/kuda-gitsune is about the size of a weasel with vertical eyes, but othewise the same as a a feral rat (or perhaps rather the yako), except its thick fur is not all matted/dissheveled.^[c]^[1]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Modern sources describe it to be the size of a house mouse,^[5] or about the size of a matchbox.^[19]

The fox user (kitsune-tsukai) may also keep the tamed kuda fox spirit in the bosom of his garment ("pocket") or up his sleeve, and the ceature collects assorted information which it whispers to its master's ear, so that the practioner of the art may then reveal another's past history, or predict another's future. The spirit remains invisible, and can be only seen by the user.^[d]^[5]^[1] Or it is said that the fox in the bamboo tube may be summoned by reciting a magical incantation, and be made to answer any questions asked.^[1]

The ability of using the kanko/kudagitsune is obtained from Mount Kinpu the ascetics of shugendō (commonly called yamabushi) after undergoing rigorous ascetic training, or so it is reported in the Zen'an zuihitsu.

Izuna

An izuna is a fox servant, employed by certain "sorcerers" called izuna-tsukai (izuna users) in the Shinano Region (Nagano Prefecture);^[20] these familiars may also be employed by other psychic type religious of spiritual professionals in Niigata Prefecture and other parts of the Northeast, as well as in the Chūbu region,^[21] and those who profess to have special powers claim to perform clairvoyancy with the use of the izuna.^[21] The sorcerer was also believed capable of harming his client's enemies using the izuna, causing them to become possessed or to fall ill.^[21]

The izuna is considered by some believers to be a servant of the deity called the Izuna gongen [ja] or Īzuna gongen, typically represented as a tengu standing on a white fox.^[21]^[22] Therefore, the sorcerer (izuna-tsukai) sometimes may be a worshipper of this particular gongen deity, however, that is not always the case.^[23]

Kitsune-tsuki

Sometimes it is told to be a type of kitsune-tsuki [ja] (possession by a kitsune "fox") and depending on the region, a household that has a kuda-gitsune occupying it are labeled as "kuda-mochi" ( "kuda"-haver),^[24]^[25]^[26] "kuda-ya" ("kuda"-proprietor),^[4]^[27] "kuda-tsukai" ("kuda"-user),^[4] etc., and become stigmatized. ^[28]

Such a family, though they main amass wealth is seen to have achieved it by striking fear among others by its fox-using, and marriage with a fox-user household was shunned by the rest.^[29] The kuda-gitsune were allegedly commanded by its master to raid other families' homes and stealing their possessions, and in this way the master's family grows wealthy―or at least in the beginning. Since the kuda-gitsune multiplies until their number grows to 75, the large pack of foxes eat away at the family's wealth bringing about their downfall.^[19]^[4]

As for the foxes quickly multiplying to 75, it is also said that every time a bride from a kuda or osaki-haunted household goes off to be married, she is said to bring 75 of the kuda minions along with her into the new household. This piece of folklore was perhaps invented as a convenient explanation as to why so many families came to be accused of being fox-owners, as time went by.^[30]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A similar tradition about bringing 75 minions is attached to the gedō [ja] of Shimane Prefecture and the tōbyō [ja] of Hiroshima and Tottori Prefecture, as Yanagita has pointed out.^[31]}

Explanatory notes

^ Some commentators interpret -tsukai to mean "user/practitioner (of magic, or a familiar/servant animal)", while others interpret the wort to mean the "art" or the "magic". Inoue's original text reads "世に狐使いと称するものは.." would could easily be translate as "Those in the world who call themselves fox-user", following the "user" interpretation, but Visser restated it in English as "Those who practice the so-called kitsune-tsukai,^[1] choosing the other interpretaion. Visser later mentions the "employment of foxes",^[1] supposedly as his rendering of kitsune-tsukai. A more modern scholar also glosses kitsune-tsukai as "fox-using", yet his use of the term in the instance: "The practices by which kitsune-tsukai are reported to gain their vulpine familiars"^[8] clearly points to a person. Casal commenting on the kuda does construe the 'kitsune-tsukai as the person engaging in the fox magic, but adding to the confusion, renders it as "fox-messenger or fox-assistant",^[9] because it is possible to interpret tsukai as either the user, or the used (i.e., the errand-boy, servant, etc.)
^ One purportedly killed during the Kyōwa era (1801–4) at Matsushima station, Ina-gun [ja], Shinano Province (today's Nagano Prefecture). The eradicator was a physican named Agata Dōgen (縣道玄) .
^ The original text regarding the fur reads "毛は扶疎として蒙戎たらざるなり (the hair/fur is lush and luxuriant [as tree branches outspread], but are not messed/dissheveled/disorderly )", even though Visser gives "hair is thinner".
^ Skeptic scholar Inoue Enryō in his Yōkaigaku Kōgi (妖怪學講義), quotes a newspaper article (which he wrote) in the Dai-nihon kyōiku shinbun. Inoue gives the location as Ina in Shinano Province, which is the setting for the anecdote recorded in the Sōzan chomon kishū.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Visser, M. W. de (1908). "The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 36 (3): 92, 122–124.
^ Casal (1959), p. 25.
^ Fairchild (1962), pp. 96.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Inoue (1896), pp. 193–194.
^ Fairchild (1962), pp. 38, 66.
^ Yanagita, Kunio (1964a), "Kitsune shinkō no koto" 狐信仰のこと, Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū 定本柳田國男集 (in Japanese), vol. Suppl. 3, Chikuma shobo, pp. 49–102, 103–106; e-text
^ Bathgate (2004), pp. 143, index.
^ Casal (1959), pp. 43, 74.
^ ^a ^b Inoue (1896), p. 228.
^ Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 365.
^ ^a ^b Miyoshi, Sōzan (1903) [1850], "Sōzan chobun kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto" 想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事, in Tayama, Katai; Yanagita, Kunio (eds.), Kinsei kidan zenshū 近世奇談全集 (in Japanese), Hakubunkan, pp. 563–566
^ Ishizuka (1959), pp. 22–23.
^ Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34.
^ ^a ^b Yanagita (1964b), p. 61.
^ Asakawa, Zen'an [in Japanese] (1892). "Shinano no Īzuna gongen" 信濃の飯綱権現. Hyakka setsurin 百家説林 (in Japanese). Vol. 正編上. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 672–674.
^ Inoue (1897), §36.
^ Ishizuka (1959), p. 32.
^ ^a ^b Miyamoto, Kesao [in Japanese]; et al. (Musashi University) (1980). "Kuda-gitsune" クダギツネ. In Sakurai, Tokutarō [in Japanese] (ed.). Minkan shinkō jiten 民間信仰辞典 (in Japanese). Tokyodo Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-490-10137-9.
^ Casal (1959), p. 22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 40.
^ Faure, Bernard (2015). Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan. Vol. 2. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 159–160, 395. ISBN 9780824857721.
^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 103.
^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 105.
^ Inoue (1896), p. 122.
^ Bathgate (2004), p. 122.
^ Smyers (1993), p. 222.
^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 70.
^ Casal (1959), pp. 20–21.
^ Yanagita (1964b), pp. 105–106.
^ Yanagita (1964b), p. 79.

Bibliography

Bathgate, Michael (2004). The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities. Routledge. ISBN 9781135883911.

Casal, U. A. (1959). "The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan" (PDF). Folklore Studies. 18. Nanzan University: 1–93. doi:10.2307/1177429. JSTOR 1177429.

Fairchild, William P. (1962). "Shamanism in Japan" (PDF). Folklore Studies. 21. Nanzan University: 21-122. doi:10.2307/1177349. JSTOR 1177349.

Ishizuka, Takatoshi [in Japanese] (1972) [1959], Nihon no tsukimono: zokushin wa ima mo ikiteiru 日本の憑きもの俗信は今も生きている (reprint ed.), Miraisha

Inoue, Enryō (1896), Yōkaigaku kōgi: Rigaku 妖怪学講義: 理学, vol. 1, Tetsugakkan, p. 228
Inoue, Enryō [in Japanese] (1897), "§36 Kori-ron" 第三六節狐狸論, Yōkaigaku kōgi 妖怪学講義, vol. 2, Tetsugakkan e-text

Fukuda, Ajio [in Japanese]; Kanda, Yoriko [in Japanese]; Shintani, Takanori [in Japanese] (2006), Seisen nihon minzoku jiten 精選日本民俗辞典, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, ISBN 9784642014328

Smyers, Karen Ann (1993). The Fox and the Jewel: A Study of Shared and Private Meanings in Japanese Inari Worship (Ph. D.). Princeton University. ISBN 9781135883911.;
- -- (1998). Univ of Hawaii Pr; Illustrated edition (12/1). ISBN 978-0824821029

Yanagita, Kunio (1964b), "Otora-gitsune no hanashi; izuna no hanashi" おとら狐の話; 飯綱の話, Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū 定本柳田國男集, vol. 31, Chikuma shobo, pp. 49–102, 103–106; e-text

External links

Illustration of a Kuda-kitsune emerging from a pipe

[10] Some commentators interpret -tsukai to mean "user/practitioner (of magic, or a familiar/servant animal)", while others interpret the wort to mean the "art" or the "magic". Inoue's original text reads "世に狐使いと称するものは.." would could easily be translate as "Those in the world who call themselves fox-user", following the "user" interpretation, but Visser restated it in English as "Those who practice the so-called kitsune-tsukai,^[1] choosing the other interpretaion. Visser later mentions the "employment of foxes",^[1] supposedly as his rendering of kitsune-tsukai. A more modern scholar also glosses kitsune-tsukai as "fox-using", yet his use of the term in the instance: "The practices by which kitsune-tsukai are reported to gain their vulpine familiars"^[8] clearly points to a person. Casal commenting on the kuda does construe the 'kitsune-tsukai as the person engaging in the fox magic, but adding to the confusion, renders it as "fox-messenger or fox-assistant",^[9] because it is possible to interpret tsukai as either the user, or the used (i.e., the errand-boy, servant, etc.)

[17] One purportedly killed during the Kyōwa era (1801–4) at Matsushima station, Ina-gun [ja], Shinano Province (today's Nagano Prefecture). The eradicator was a physican named Agata Dōgen (縣道玄) .

[18] The original text regarding the fur reads "毛は扶疎として蒙戎たらざるなり (the hair/fur is lush and luxuriant [as tree branches outspread], but are not messed/dissheveled/disorderly )", even though Visser gives "hair is thinner".

[23] Skeptic scholar Inoue Enryō in his Yōkaigaku Kōgi (妖怪學講義), quotes a newspaper article (which he wrote) in the Dai-nihon kyōiku shinbun. Inoue gives the location as Ina in Shinano Province, which is the setting for the anecdote recorded in the Sōzan chomon kishū.

[visser-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Visser, M. W. de (1908). "The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 36 (3): 92, 122–124.

[FOOTNOTECasal195925-2] Casal (1959), p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEFairchild196296-3] Fairchild (1962), pp. 96.

[ishizuka-4] Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34

[FOOTNOTEInoue1896193–194-5] Inoue (1896), pp. 193–194.

[FOOTNOTEFairchild196238,_66-6] Fairchild (1962), pp. 38, 66.

[yanagita-bekkan3-7] Yanagita, Kunio (1964a), "Kitsune shinkō no koto" 狐信仰のこと, Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū 定本柳田國男集 (in Japanese), vol. Suppl. 3, Chikuma shobo, pp. 49–102, 103–106; e-text

[FOOTNOTEBathgate2004143,_index-8] Bathgate (2004), pp. 143, index.

[FOOTNOTECasal195943,_74-9] Casal (1959), pp. 43, 74.

[FOOTNOTEInoue1896228-11] Inoue (1896), p. 228.

[FOOTNOTEFukudaKandaShintani2006365-12] Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 365.

[miyoshi-13] Miyoshi, Sōzan (1903) [1850], "Sōzan chobun kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto" 想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事, in Tayama, Katai; Yanagita, Kunio (eds.), Kinsei kidan zenshū 近世奇談全集 (in Japanese), Hakubunkan, pp. 563–566

[FOOTNOTEIshizuka195922–23-14] Ishizuka (1959), pp. 22–23.

[FOOTNOTEIshizuka195928–34-15] Ishizuka (1959), pp. 28–34.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b61-16] Yanagita (1964b), p. 61.

[zenan-19] Asakawa, Zen'an [in Japanese] (1892). "Shinano no Īzuna gongen" 信濃の飯綱権現. Hyakka setsurin 百家説林 (in Japanese). Vol. 正編上. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. pp. 672–674.

[FOOTNOTEInoue1897§36-20] Inoue (1897), §36.

[FOOTNOTEIshizuka195932-21] Ishizuka (1959), p. 32.

[miyamoto-22] Miyamoto, Kesao [in Japanese]; et al. (Musashi University) (1980). "Kuda-gitsune" クダギツネ. In Sakurai, Tokutarō [in Japanese] (ed.). Minkan shinkō jiten 民間信仰辞典 (in Japanese). Tokyodo Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-490-10137-9.

[FOOTNOTECasal195922-24] Casal (1959), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEFukudaKandaShintani200640-25] Fukuda, Kanda & Shintani (2006), p. 40.

[faure-26] Faure, Bernard (2015). Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan. Vol. 2. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 159–160, 395. ISBN 9780824857721.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b103-27] Yanagita (1964b), p. 103.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b105-28] Yanagita (1964b), p. 105.

[FOOTNOTEInoue1896122-29] Inoue (1896), p. 122.

[FOOTNOTEBathgate2004122-30] Bathgate (2004), p. 122.

[FOOTNOTESmyers1993222-31] Smyers (1993), p. 222.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b70-32] Yanagita (1964b), p. 70.

[FOOTNOTECasal195920–21-33] Casal (1959), pp. 20–21.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b105–106-34] Yanagita (1964b), pp. 105–106.

[FOOTNOTEYanagita1964b79-35] Yanagita (1964b), p. 79.

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@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 <ref name=miyamoto>{{cite book|last=Miyamoto |first=Kesao |author-link=:ja:宮本袈裟雄 |collaboration=Musashi University |editor-last=Sakurai |editor-first=Tokutarō |editor-link=:ja:桜井徳太郎 |chapter=Kuda-gitsune |script-chapter=ja:クダギツネ |title=Minkan shinkō jiten |script-title=ja:民間信仰辞典 |year=1980 |publisher=Tokyodo Shuppan<!--東京堂出版--> |isbn=978-4-490-10137-9 |lang=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name=miyoshi>{{Citation|last=Miyoshi |first=Sōzan |author-link=<!--三好想山--> |editor1-last=Tayama |editor1-first=Katai |editor1-link=Tayama Katai |editor2-last=Yanagita |editor2-first=Kunio |editor2-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Sōzan chobun kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto |script-chapter=ja:想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事 |title=Kinsei kidan zenshū |script-title=ja:近世奇談全集 |origyear=1850 |year=1903 |publisher=Hakubunkan<!--博文館]--> |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1882619/297 |pages=563-566 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name=miyoshi>{{Citation|last=Miyoshi |first=Sōzan |author-link=<!--三好想山--> |editor1-last=Tayama |editor1-first=Katai |editor1-link=Tayama Katai |editor2-last=Yanagita |editor2-first=Kunio |editor2-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Sōzan chobun kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto |script-chapter=ja:想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事 |title=Kinsei kidan zenshū |script-title=ja:近世奇談全集 |origyear=1850 |year=1903 |publisher=Hakubunkan<!--博文館]--> |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1882619/297 |pages=563–566 |lang=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name=visser>{{cite journal|last=Visser |first=M. W. de  |author-link=<!--Marinus Willem de Visser--> |title=The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore |journal=Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CISFSzaqWkC&pg=RA2-PA92 |pages=92, 122–124<!--1-159--> |publisher=}}</ref>
+<ref name=visser>{{cite journal|last=Visser |first=M. W. de  |author-link=<!--Marinus Willem de Visser--> |title=The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore |journal=Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CISFSzaqWkC&pg=RA2-PA92 |pages=92, 122–124<!--1-159--> }}</ref>
 <ref name=yanagita-bekkan3>{{citation|last=Yanagita  |first=Kunio |author-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Kitsune shinkō no koto |script-chapter=ja:狐信仰のこと |title=Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū |script-title=ja:定本柳田國男集 |volume=<!--別3--> Suppl. 3 |publisher=[[Chikuma shobo]] |year=1964a<!--1964-09-25--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk0nAQAAIAAJ&q=飯綱 |pages=49–102; 103–106|lang=ja}}; [http://kiebine2007.amearare.com/yanagitabetu3.htm e-text]</ref>
-<ref name=zenan>{{cite book|last=Asakawa |first=Zen'an |author-link=:ja:朝川善庵 |chapter=Shinano no Īzuna gongen |script-chapter=ja:信濃の飯綱権現 |title=Hyakka setsurin |script-title=ja:百家説林 |volume=正編上 |publisher=Yoshikawa Kobunkan<!--吉川弘文館--> |date=1892　|url=https://books.google.com/books?pg=PP682 |pages=672–674 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name=zenan>{{cite book|last=Asakawa |first=Zen'an |author-link=:ja:朝川善庵 |chapter=Shinano no Īzuna gongen |script-chapter=ja:信濃の飯綱権現 |title=Hyakka setsurin |script-title=ja:百家説林 |volume=正編上 |publisher=Yoshikawa Kobunkan<!--吉川弘文館--> |date=1892|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?pg=PP682 |pages=672–674 |lang=ja}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 * {{cite book|last=Bathgate |first=Michael  |author-link=<!--Michael Bathgate-->|title=The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities |publisher=Routledge |year=2004  |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |pages=<!--143, index--> |isbn=<!--1135883912, -->9781135883911}}
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+* {{cite journal|last=Casal |first=U. A.  |author-link=<!--U. A. Casal--> |title=The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan |journal=Folklore Studies |volume=18 |year=1959 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208356_po_268.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo= |pages=1–93 |publisher=Nanzan University |doi= 10.2307/1177429|jstor=1177429}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Fairchild |first=William P.  |author-link=<!--William P. Fairchild--> |title=Shamanism in Japan |journal=Folklore Studies |volume=21 |year=1962 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208376_po_457.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo= |page=21-122 |publisher=Nanzan University |doi= |jstor=1177349}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Fairchild |first=William P.  |author-link=<!--William P. Fairchild--> |title=Shamanism in Japan |journal=Folklore Studies |volume=21 |year=1962 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10208376_po_457.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo= |page=21-122 |publisher=Nanzan University |doi= 10.2307/1177349|jstor=1177349}}
 * {{Citation|ref={{SfnRef|Ishizuka|1959}} |last=Ishizuka |first=Takatoshi |author-link=:ja:石塚尊俊 |title=Nihon no tsukimono: zokushin wa ima mo ikiteiru |script-title=ja:日本の憑きもの 俗信は今も生きている |origyear=1959 |year=1972 |publisher=Miraisha |edition=reprint}}
-* {{Citation|last=Inoue |first= Enryō |author-link=Inoue Enryō |title=Yōkaigaku kōgi: Rigaku |script-title=ja:妖怪学講義: 理学 |volume=1 |publisher=Tetsugakkan<!--哲学館-->  |year=1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8QtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP240 |page=228 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation|last=Inoue |first= Enryō |author-link=Inoue Enryō |title=Yōkaigaku kōgi: Rigaku |script-title=ja:妖怪学講義: 理学 |volume=1 |publisher=Tetsugakkan<!--哲学館-->  |year=1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8QtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP240 |page=228 }}
-* {{Citation|last= Inoue |first=Enryō  |author-link=:ja:井上円了 |chapter=§36 Kori-ron |script-chapter=ja:第三六節　狐狸論 |title=Yōkaigaku kōgi |script-title=ja:妖怪学講義 |volume=2 |publisher=Tetsugakkan<!--哲学館-->  |year=1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE5wKrUdNIC&q=管狐 |pages=}} [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5FCNaF4BGXYJ:www.toyo.ac.jp/text-db/text/INOUE16/16-02_youkaigakukougi_rigakubumon_igakubumon.txt+&cd=1&hl=ja&ct=clnk&gl=us e-text]
+* {{Citation|last= Inoue |first=Enryō  |author-link=:ja:井上円了 |chapter=§36 Kori-ron |script-chapter=ja:第三六節 狐狸論 |title=Yōkaigaku kōgi |script-title=ja:妖怪学講義 |volume=2 |publisher=Tetsugakkan<!--哲学館-->  |year=1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE5wKrUdNIC&q=管狐 |pages=}} [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5FCNaF4BGXYJ:www.toyo.ac.jp/text-db/text/INOUE16/16-02_youkaigakukougi_rigakubumon_igakubumon.txt+&cd=1&hl=ja&ct=clnk&gl=us e-text]
-* {{Citation|last1=Fukuda |first1=Ajio |author1-link=:ja:福田アジオ |last2=Kanda |first2=Yoriko |author2-link=:ja:神田より子 |last3=Shintani |first3=Takanori |author3-link=:ja:新谷尚紀 |title=Seisen nihon minzoku jiten |script-title=ja:精選日本民俗辞典 |publisher=Yoshikawa Kobunkan |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wcMAAAAYAAJ&q=クダ狐 |page=}}
+* {{Citation|last1=Fukuda |first1=Ajio |author1-link=:ja:福田アジオ |last2=Kanda |first2=Yoriko |author2-link=:ja:神田より子 |last3=Shintani |first3=Takanori |author3-link=:ja:新谷尚紀 |title=Seisen nihon minzoku jiten |script-title=ja:精選日本民俗辞典 |publisher=Yoshikawa Kobunkan |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wcMAAAAYAAJ&q=クダ狐 |page=|isbn=9784642014328 }}
 * {{cite thesis|type=Ph. D. |last=Smyers |first=Karen Ann  |author-link=Karen Ann Smyers|title=The Fox and the Jewel: A Study of Shared and Private Meanings in Japanese Inari Worship |publisher=Princeton University |year=1993  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CjlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kuda |pages=<!-- --> |isbn=<!--1135883912, -->9781135883911}};
 **  -- (1998). Univ of Hawaii Pr; Illustrated edition  (12/1). ISBN <!--0824821025, -->978-0824821029
-* {{citation|last=Yanagita |first=Kunio |author-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Otora-gitsune no hanashi; izuna no hanashi |script-chapter=ja:おとら狐の話; 飯綱の話 |title=Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū |script-title=ja:定本柳田國男集 |volume=31 |publisher=[[Chikuma shobo]] |date=1964b<!--1964-11-25--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?&id=dE8nAQAAIAAJ&q=クダ |pages=49–102; 103–106|ref=harv}}; [http://kiebine2007.amearare.com/yanagita31.htm e-text]
+* {{citation|last=Yanagita |first=Kunio |author-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Otora-gitsune no hanashi; izuna no hanashi |script-chapter=ja:おとら狐の話; 飯綱の話 |title=Teihon Yanagita Kunio shū |script-title=ja:定本柳田國男集 |volume=31 |publisher=[[Chikuma shobo]] |date=1964b<!--1964-11-25--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE8nAQAAIAAJ&q=クダ |pages=49–102; 103–106}}; [http://kiebine2007.amearare.com/yanagita31.htm e-text]
 {{refend}}

v t e Japanese folklore
Folktales	Awa Tanuki Gassen Bunbuku Chagama Hachikazuki Hakuzōsu Hanasaka Jiisan Hyakki Yagyō Issun-bōshi Kachi-kachi Yama Kasa Jizō Kintarō Kobutori Jiisan Kurozuka Momotarō Nezumi no Sumō Oto-hime Saru Kani Gassen Shita-kiri Suzume Taketori Monogatari Tamamo-no-Mae Tawara Tōda Tsuru no Ongaeshi Urashima Tarō Uriko-hime Yamata no Orochi Yotsuya Kaidan
Texts	Konjaku Monogatarishū Otogi-zōshi Uji Shūi Monogatari
Legendary creatures (Yōkai)	Abura-akago Abura-sumashi Aka Manto Akaname Akashita Akateko Akuma Amabie Amazake-babaa Amefurikozō Ameonna Amikiri Aoandon Aobōzu Aonyōbō Aosaginohi Ashinagatenaga Ayakashi Azukiarai Bake-kujira Baku Basan Binbōgami Chimimōryō Daidarabotchi Dodomeki Dorotabō [ja] Dragon Enenra Furaribi Fūri Futakuchi-onna Gagoze Gashadokuro Goryō Hanako-san Harionago Hibagon Hiderigami Hinezumi [ja] Hito-gitsune Hitotsume-kozō Hitotsume-nyūdō Hone-onna Hyōsube Ikiryō Ikuchi Inugami Ishinagenjo Isonade Janjanbi Jinmenju Jorōgumo Jubokko Kaibyō Bakeneko Nekomata Kamaitachi Kamikiri Kappa Kasha Kawauso Keukegen Kijimuna Kinoko Kirin Kitsune Hakuzōsu Kitsunebi Kodama Komainu Konaki-jiji Korpokkur Koromodako Kotobuki Kuchisake-onna Kuda-gitsune Kudan Kyubi Mazoku Mikaribaba Mikoshi-nyūdō Miage-nyūdō Misaki Mizuchi Mokumokuren Mononoke Mōryō Mujina Namazu Ningyo Noderabō Noppera-bō Nue Nuppeppō Nurarihyon Nure-onna Nurikabe Nyūdō-bōzu Obake Oboroguruma Oiwa Okiku Okubi Ōmukade Oni Amanojaku Ibaraki-dōji Kijo/Onibaba Kidōmaru Momiji Namahage Rashōmon no oni Shuten-dōji Ushi-oni Onibi Onikuma Ōnyūdō Osaki Otoroshi Ouni Raijū Rokurokubi Samebito Sankai Satori Sazae-oni Shachihoko Shidaidaka Shikigami Shinigami Shiranui Shirime Shiryō Shōjō Shōkera Shussebora [ja] Sunekosuri Takaonna Tanuki Danzaburou-danuki Inugami Gyōbu Shibaemon-tanuki Yashima no Hage-tanuki Ten Tengu Sōjōbō Tennin Tenome Tesso Tōfu-kozō Tsuchigumo Tsuchinoko Tsukumogami Abumi-guchi Bakezōri Biwa-bokuboku Boroboroton Chōchin'obake Ittan-momen Kasa-obake Koto-furunushi Menreiki Ungaikyō Tsurara-onna Tsurubebi Tsurube-otoshi Ubagabi Ubume Umibōzu Umi zatō Uwan Waira Wanyūdō Yamabiko Yamajijii Yama-uba Yamawaro Yanari Yobuko Yōsei Yosuzume Yuki-onna Yume no seirei Yūrei Funayūrei Onryō Zashiki-warashi
Folklorists	Kunio Yanagita Keigo Seki Lafcadio Hearn Shigeru Mizuki Inoue Enryō