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The "*ayakashi*", from the *Konjaku Hyakki Shūi* by Toriyama Sekien. The description closely resembles that of the *ikuchi*.

Ikuchi is a yōkai of the sea serpent type in Japanese legend.

It has been described in two anecdote collections during the Edo period, namely Tankai (譚海) (1795) by Tsumura Sōan [ja] and Mimibukuro (耳嚢) (completed 1814) by Negishi Yasumori [ja] .

Tankai[edit]

According to Tankai ("Sea of Stories", 1795) by Tsumura Sōan [ja], the ikuchi (ゐくち) is an extremely long fish dwelling in the deep waters off Hitachi Province (now Ibaraki Prefecture). It has only been spotted at night, sometimes rearing out of water and slinking over a ship, taking a long time to complete its passage, and leaving a residue of viscous oil. The sheer amount of oil needs to be dumped overboard lest the ship may sink.^[1]^[2]

It does not have much thickness supposedly, but spans a total length of several hundred jō(several thousand feet)^[a], requiring 1 or 2 koku [ja] (1+ or 2+ hours, perhaps little less than 3 hours^[2]) to finish hauling its whole length across the ship.^[b] Its body oil is said to have the consistency of funori (gummy substance derived from Gloiopeltis seaweed) and slickens the ship's deck so walking back and forth becomes impossible. Thus the ship needs be scrubbed and cleansed thoroughly after a visit by the ikuchi.^[1]

Mimibukuro[edit]

In "Mimibukuro" ("Ear bag", 1782–1814) by Negishi Yasumori [ja], there occurs a description of a similarly named creature called ikuji".^[4]^[5]

This ikuji was said to appear in the western and southern seas of Japan, and it would get snagged on the bow of the ship. It had the colors similar to an eel, and was immeasurably long, perhaps several jō in length, and it would keep squirming on the bow for the length of 2, 3 days.

The phrase "ikuji naki" ("lacking courage") purportedly derives from this creature's name.

The author, Negishi, states that he heard from a certain informant that in the island of Hachijō-jima in Izu Province^[c] (the island is now incorporated into Tokyo Prefecture), there can be found small-sized ikuji which look like eels but have no eyes or mouth and form circular loops. Negishi thus conjectures that the (full grown) ikuji reported to dangle itself from the ship's bow, must actually be hanging like a ring on the bow and revolving around.^[4]^[5]

Sekien's ayakashi[edit]

The drawing of "ayakashi" in Toriyama Sekien's Konjaku Hyakki Shūi depicts an enormously long sea creature, said to appear in the seas of Western Japan, "slithering" over a ship for two or three days,^[d] depositing loads of oil, forcing the crew to "furiously bail" it out, for fear it would cause their ship to sink.^[7]^[6]

The description of Sekien's ayakashi is closely similar to the ikuchi,^[6] and Japanese commentators have equate them, noting that ayakashi is merely a generic term for all sorts of strange phenomena (and monsters) of the sea.^[8]^[9]

Analyses[edit]

The ikuchi has depicted by Sekien's like a sea serpent and some sources categorize ikuchi as belonging to a class of sea serpents, or creature of uncertain identity, i.e., cryptids.^[8]^[10] It has been conjectured it might be unknown giant species of sea snakes.^[11]

English translators of Sekien regard the "long thing" appearing out of the sea, not as the entire body of the sea-serpent like creature, but as a single strand of long "tendril" (tentacle) of the monster, suggesting this may be an imported lore of the kraken, a legendary giant cephalopod creature.^[6]

An additional piece of lore associated with the ayakashi is that they are formed by the souls or ghosts of humans who have drowned and want others to join them.^[12]^[e]

Explanatory notes[edit]

^ One jō is equivalent to 10 shaku and each shaku is close to an English foot in length.
^ The original text gives "一二刻"、which should be parsed as "1 or 2 koku" It is said to have been spotted "Always in the shade of night 常に夜陰の事にて", so the nighttime 1 koku is applicable, and this is continually variable since it is defined as 1/12 th of however long the night is, whatever season it may be. At summer solstice, the nighttime koku lasts only 1 hour 20 minutes,^[3] at which point 2 koku is 2 hours 40 minutes, short of 3 hours.
^ Original text reads Hachijō in Zushū province, but giving the Japanese shorthand abbreviations for names of former provinces is of no particular significance.
^ The original text merely reads "nagaki mono (長きもの, lit. the 'long thing')" does this slithering, whereas the Yoda & Alt translation interprets it as "a tendril long enough", and notes the connection to the Western lore of the Kraken, a giant cephalopod.^[6]
^ Such a characterization applies to the ayakashi depicted in the manga Ushio & Tora, Vol. 5, Ch. 20–25.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b In, Masayoshi 員正恭 (aka Tsumura, Sōan ) [in Japanese] (1917) [1795], Tankai 譚海 (in Japanese), vol. 9, Kokusho kankōkai, p. 285, doi:10.11501/945833
^ ^a ^b Tsumura, Sōan [in Japanese] (2008). "Tankai" 譚海. In Shibata, Shōkyoku [in Japanese] (ed.). Kidan ibun jiten 奇談異聞辞典 (in Japanese). Chikuma shobo. p. 32. ISBN 978-4-480-09162-8.
^ Asahi Shinbunsha, ed. (1986). Rakugo bunkashi: warai no sekai ni asobu 落語文化史: 笑いの世界に遊ぶ (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha. p. 63. ISBN 9784022583697.
^ ^a ^b Negishi, Yasumori [in Japanese] (1991). "Kan no 3. Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono" 巻之三海上にいくじといふものゝ事. In [[:ja:長谷川強|Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi ed/annot.]] [in Japanese] (ed.). Mimibukuro 耳嚢 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Iwanami. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-4-00-302611-3.
^ ^a ^b Yabuno, Tadashi (2010-09-20). "Mimibukoro kan-no-san Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono no koto" 耳嚢巻之三海上にいくじといふものゝ事. 鬼火 Le feu follet. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Toriyama, Sekien (2017), "Ayakashi", Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 194, ISBN 9780486818757
^ Toriyama, Sekien (1805). "Ayakashi" あやかし. Konjaku hyakki shūi 百鬼夜行拾遺（今昔百鬼拾遺） 3巻. Vol. 2. Naganoya Kankichi. あやかし西国の海上に船のかゝり居（お）る時、ながきもの船こえて二三日もやまざる事あり。油の出る事おびたゞし. 船人力をきはめて此油をくみほせば害なし。しかざれば船沈む。是あやかしのつきたる也。
^ ^a ^b Miyamoto, Yukie (2013). "Chapter 4. Sora to umi no Yōkai. §Ikuchi" 第四章空と海の妖怪 §イクチ. Nihon no yōkai FILE 日本の妖怪FILE (in Japanese). Gakken Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-4-054056-63-3.
^ Murakami, Kenji [in Japanese] (2005). Nihon yōkai daijiten 日本妖怪大事典. Kwai books (in Japanese). Kadokawa. p. 25. ISBN 978-4-04-883926-6.
^ Yamaguchi, Bintaro [in Japanese] (2007). Hontō ni iru Nihon no gendai yōkai zukan 本当にいる日本の現代妖怪図鑑 (in Japanese). Kasakura. p. 134. ISBN 978-4-7730-0365-9.
^ Jinbunsha, ed. (2006). Nihon no nazo to fushigi taizen: Higashi Nihon hen 日本の謎と不思議大全東日本編 (in Japanese). Jinbunsha. p. 55. ISBN 978-4-7959-1986-0.
^ Jinbunsha, ed. (2006). Shokoku kaidan kidan shūsei: Edo shokoku hyakumonogatari: Higashi Nihon hen 諸国怪談奇談集成江戸諸国百物語東日本編 (in Japanese). Jinbunsha. p. 45. ISBN 978-4-7959-1955-6.

[3] One jō is equivalent to 10 shaku and each shaku is close to an English foot in length.

[5] The original text gives "一二刻"、which should be parsed as "1 or 2 koku" It is said to have been spotted "Always in the shade of night 常に夜陰の事にて", so the nighttime 1 koku is applicable, and this is continually variable since it is defined as 1/12 th of however long the night is, whatever season it may be. At summer solstice, the nighttime koku lasts only 1 hour 20 minutes,^[3] at which point 2 koku is 2 hours 40 minutes, short of 3 hours.

[8] Original text reads Hachijō in Zushū province, but giving the Japanese shorthand abbreviations for names of former provinces is of no particular significance.

[10] The original text merely reads "nagaki mono (長きもの, lit. the 'long thing')" does this slithering, whereas the Yoda & Alt translation interprets it as "a tendril long enough", and notes the connection to the Western lore of the Kraken, a giant cephalopod.^[6]

[17] Such a characterization applies to the ayakashi depicted in the manga Ushio & Tora, Vol. 5, Ch. 20–25.

[tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai-1] In, Masayoshi 員正恭 (aka Tsumura, Sōan ) [in Japanese] (1917) [1795], Tankai 譚海 (in Japanese), vol. 9, Kokusho kankōkai, p. 285, doi:10.11501/945833

[tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata-2] Tsumura, Sōan [in Japanese] (2008). "Tankai" 譚海. In Shibata, Shōkyoku [in Japanese] (ed.). Kidan ibun jiten 奇談異聞辞典 (in Japanese). Chikuma shobo. p. 32. ISBN 978-4-480-09162-8.

[asahi-rakugo_bunkashi-4] Asahi Shinbunsha, ed. (1986). Rakugo bunkashi: warai no sekai ni asobu 落語文化史: 笑いの世界に遊ぶ (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha. p. 63. ISBN 9784022583697.

[negishi-ed-hasegawa-6] Negishi, Yasumori [in Japanese] (1991). "Kan no 3. Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono" 巻之三海上にいくじといふものゝ事. In [[:ja:長谷川強|Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi ed/annot.]] [in Japanese] (ed.). Mimibukuro 耳嚢 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Iwanami. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-4-00-302611-3.

[yabuno-7] Yabuno, Tadashi (2010-09-20). "Mimibukoro kan-no-san Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono no koto" 耳嚢巻之三海上にいくじといふものゝ事. 鬼火 Le feu follet. Retrieved 2023-02-27.

[toriyama-eng-9] Toriyama, Sekien (2017), "Ayakashi", Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 194, ISBN 9780486818757

[toriyama-11] Toriyama, Sekien (1805). "Ayakashi" あやかし. Konjaku hyakki shūi 百鬼夜行拾遺（今昔百鬼拾遺） 3巻. Vol. 2. Naganoya Kankichi. あやかし西国の海上に船のかゝり居（お）る時、ながきもの船こえて二三日もやまざる事あり。油の出る事おびたゞし. 船人力をきはめて此油をくみほせば害なし。しかざれば船沈む。是あやかしのつきたる也。

[miyamoto_yukie-12] Miyamoto, Yukie (2013). "Chapter 4. Sora to umi no Yōkai. §Ikuchi" 第四章空と海の妖怪 §イクチ. Nihon no yōkai FILE 日本の妖怪FILE (in Japanese). Gakken Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-4-054056-63-3.

[murakami2005-13] Murakami, Kenji [in Japanese] (2005). Nihon yōkai daijiten 日本妖怪大事典. Kwai books (in Japanese). Kadokawa. p. 25. ISBN 978-4-04-883926-6.

[yamaguchi2007-14] Yamaguchi, Bintaro [in Japanese] (2007). Hontō ni iru Nihon no gendai yōkai zukan 本当にいる日本の現代妖怪図鑑 (in Japanese). Kasakura. p. 134. ISBN 978-4-7730-0365-9.

[jinbunsha-nazo-15] Jinbunsha, ed. (2006). Nihon no nazo to fushigi taizen: Higashi Nihon hen 日本の謎と不思議大全東日本編 (in Japanese). Jinbunsha. p. 55. ISBN 978-4-7959-1986-0.

[jinbunsha-shokoku_kaidan-16] Jinbunsha, ed. (2006). Shokoku kaidan kidan shūsei: Edo shokoku hyakumonogatari: Higashi Nihon hen 諸国怪談奇談集成江戸諸国百物語東日本編 (in Japanese). Jinbunsha. p. 45. ISBN 978-4-7959-1955-6.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{italic title}}
 [[File:SekienAyakashi.jpg|thumb|The "''[[Ayakashi (yōkai)|ayakashi]]''", from the ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]'' by [[Toriyama Sekien]]. The description closely resembles that of the ''ikuchi''.]]
 '''''Ikuchi''''' is a [[yōkai]] of the [[sea serpent]] type in Japanese legend.
-It has been described in a two anecdotes collections during the [[Edo period]], namely {{nihongo|''Tankai''|譚海|}} (1795) by {{illm|Tsumura Sōan|ja|津村淙庵}} and {{nihongo|''Mimibukuro''|[[:ja:耳嚢|耳嚢]]|}} (completed 1814) by {{illm|Negishi Yasumori|ja|根岸鎮衛}} .
+It has been described in two anecdote collections during the [[Edo period]], namely {{nihongo|''Tankai''|譚海|}} (1795) by {{interlanguage link|Tsumura Sōan|ja|津村淙庵}} and {{nihongo|''Mimibukuro''|[[:ja:耳嚢|耳嚢]]|}} (completed 1814) by {{interlanguage link|Negishi Yasumori|ja|根岸鎮衛}} .
 ==''Tankai''==
-According to ''Tankai'' ("Sea of Stories", 1795) by {{illm|Tsumura Sōan|ja|津村淙庵}}, the {{nihongo|''ikuchi''|ゐくち}} is an extremely long [[fish]] dwelling in the deep waters off [[Hitachi Province]] (now [[Ibaraki Prefecture]]). It has only been spotted at night, sometimes rearing out of water and slinking over a ship, taking a long time to complete its passage, and leaving a residue of viscous oil. The sheer amount of oil needs to be dumped overboard lest the ship may sink.<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai"/><ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata"/>
+According to ''Tankai'' ("Sea of Stories", 1795) by {{interlanguage link|Tsumura Sōan|ja|津村淙庵}}, the {{nihongo|''ikuchi''|ゐくち}} is an extremely long [[fish]] dwelling in the deep waters off [[Hitachi Province]] (now [[Ibaraki Prefecture]]). It has only been spotted at night, sometimes rearing out of water and slinking over a ship, taking a long time to complete its passage, and leaving a residue of viscous oil. The sheer amount of oil needs to be dumped overboard lest the ship may sink.<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai"/><ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata"/>
-It does not have much thickness supposedly, but spans a total length of several hundred ''jō''（several thousand feet){{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|One ''jō'' is equivalent to 10 ''[[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]'' and each ''shaku'' is close to and English foot in length.<!--since 1km equal 3280 feet, tacit assumption of multiple kilometers is rather unjustified-->}}, requiring 1 or 2 {{illm|koku (time)|ja|刻|lt=''koku''}} (1+ or 2+ hours, perhaps little less than 3 hours<ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata"/>) to finish hauling its whole length across the ship.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The original text gives "一二刻"、which should be parsed as "1 or 2 ''koku''"<!--not "12 koku" which is a whole 24 hour day.--> It is said to have been spotted "Always in the shade of night 常に夜陰の事にて", so the nighttime 1 ''koku'' is applicable, and this is continually variable since it is defined as 1/12 th of however long the night is, whatever season it may be. At [[summer solstice]], the nighttime ''koku'' lasts only 1 hour 20 minutes,<ref name="asahi-rakugo_bunkashi"/> at which point 2 ''koku'' is 2 hours 40 minutes, short of 3 hours.}} Its body oil is said to have the consistency of ''funori'' (gummy substance derived from ''[[Gloiopeltis]]'' seaweed) and slickens the ship's deck so walking back and forth becomes impossible. Thus the ship needs be scrubbed and cleansed thoroughly after a visit by the ''ikuchi''.<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai"/>
+It does not have much thickness supposedly, but spans a total length of several hundred ''jō''(several thousand feet){{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|One ''jō'' is equivalent to 10 ''[[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]'' and each ''shaku'' is close to an English foot in length.<!--since 1km equal 3280 feet, tacit assumption of multiple kilometers is rather unjustified-->}}, requiring 1 or 2 {{interlanguage link|koku (time)|ja|刻|lt=''koku''}} (1+ or 2+ hours, perhaps little less than 3 hours<ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata"/>) to finish hauling its whole length across the ship.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The original text gives "一二刻"、which should be parsed as "1 or 2 ''koku''"<!--not "12 koku" which is a whole 24 hour day.--> It is said to have been spotted "Always in the shade of night 常に夜陰の事にて", so the nighttime 1 ''koku'' is applicable, and this is continually variable since it is defined as 1/12 th of however long the night is, whatever season it may be. At [[summer solstice]], the nighttime ''koku'' lasts only 1 hour 20 minutes,<ref name="asahi-rakugo_bunkashi"/> at which point 2 ''koku'' is 2 hours 40 minutes, short of 3 hours.}} Its body oil is said to have the consistency of ''funori'' (gummy substance derived from ''[[Gloiopeltis]]'' seaweed) and slickens the ship's deck so walking back and forth becomes impossible. Thus the ship needs be scrubbed and cleansed thoroughly after a visit by the ''ikuchi''.<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai"/>
 ==''Mimibukuro''==
-In "Mimibukuro" ("Ear bag", 1782–1814) by {{illm|Negishi Yasumori|ja|根岸鎮衛}}, there occurs a description of a similarly named creature called '''''ikuji'''''".<ref name="negishi-ed-hasegawa">{{Cite book|last=Negishi |first=Yasumori |author-link=:ja:根岸鎮衛 |editor-last=Hasegawa |editor-first=Tsuyoshi |editor-link=:ja:長谷川強 |editor-mask=[[:ja:長谷川強|Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi]] ed/annot. |chapter=Kan no 3. Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono |script-chapter=ja:巻之三　海上にいくじといふものゝ事|title=Mimibukuro |script-title=ja:耳嚢 |volume=1<!--上--> |publisher=Iwanami<!--岩波書店--> |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAA2AQAAIAAJ&q=いくじ |series=<!--岩波文庫--> |isbn=978-4-00-302611-3 |pages=357–358 |lang=ja}}</ref><ref name="yabuno"/>
+In "Mimibukuro" ("Ear bag", 1782–1814) by {{interlanguage link|Negishi Yasumori|ja|根岸鎮衛}}, there occurs a description of a similarly named creature called '''''ikuji'''''".<ref name="negishi-ed-hasegawa">{{Cite book|last=Negishi |first=Yasumori |author-link=:ja:根岸鎮衛 |editor-last=Hasegawa |editor-first=Tsuyoshi |editor-link=:ja:長谷川強 |editor-mask=[[:ja:長谷川強|Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi]] ed/annot. |chapter=Kan no 3. Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono |script-chapter=ja:巻之三 海上にいくじといふものゝ事|title=Mimibukuro |script-title=ja:耳嚢 |volume=1<!--上--> |publisher=Iwanami<!--岩波書店--> |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAA2AQAAIAAJ&q=いくじ |series=<!--岩波文庫--> |isbn=978-4-00-302611-3 |pages=357–358 |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="yabuno"/>
 This ''ikuji''  was said to appear in the western and southern seas of Japan, and it would get snagged on the bow of the ship. It had the colors similar to an [[eel]], and was immeasurably long, perhaps several ''jō'' in length, and it would keep squirming on the bow for the length of 2, 3 days.
 The phrase "''ikuji naki''" ("lacking courage") purportedly derives from this creature's name.
 The author, Negishi, states that he heard from a certain informant that in the island of [[Hachijō-jima]] in [[Izu Province]]{{efn|Original text reads Hachijō in Zushū province, but giving the Japanese shorthand abbreviations for names of former provinces is of no particular significance.}} (the island is now incorporated into [[Tokyo Prefecture]]), there can be found small-sized ''ikuji'' which look like eels but have no eyes or mouth and form circular loops. Negishi thus conjectures that the (full grown) ''ikuji'' reported to dangle itself from the ship's bow, must actually be hanging like a ring on the bow and revolving around.<ref name="negishi-ed-hasegawa"/><ref name="yabuno"/>
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 English translators of Sekien regard the "long thing" appearing out of the sea, not as the entire body of the sea-serpent like creature, but as a single strand of long "tendril" (tentacle) of the monster, suggesting this may be an imported lore of the [[kraken]], a legendary giant [[cephalopod]] creature.<ref name="toriyama-eng"/>
-Am additional piece of lore associated with the ''ayakashi'' is that they are formed by the souls or ghosts of humans who have drowned and want others to join them.<ref name="jinbunsha-shokoku_kaidan"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Such a characterization applies to the ''ayakashi'' depicted in the [[manga]] ''[[Ushio & Tora]]'', [[List of Ushio & Tora chapters|Vol. 5, Ch. 20–25]].}}
+An additional piece of lore associated with the ''ayakashi'' is that they are formed by the souls or ghosts of humans who have drowned and want others to join them.<ref name="jinbunsha-shokoku_kaidan"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Such a characterization applies to the ''ayakashi'' depicted in the [[manga]] ''[[Ushio & Tora]]'', [[List of Ushio & Tora chapters|Vol. 5, Ch. 20–25]].}}
 == Explanatory notes ==
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 {{reflist|refs=
-<ref name="asahi-rakugo_bunkashi">{{Cite book|editor=Asahi Shinbunsha |editor-link=Asahi Shinbunsha |title=Rakugo bunkashi: warai no sekai ni asobu |script-title=ja:落語文化史: 笑いの世界に遊ぶ |publisher=[[Asahi Shinbunsha]]<!--朝日新聞社--> |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkcyAAAAMAAJ&q=夏至+1刻 |page=63|isbn=<!--402258369X, -->9784022583697 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="asahi-rakugo_bunkashi">{{Cite book|editor=Asahi Shinbunsha |editor-link=Asahi Shinbunsha |title=Rakugo bunkashi: warai no sekai ni asobu |script-title=ja:落語文化史: 笑いの世界に遊ぶ |publisher=[[Asahi Shinbunsha]]<!--朝日新聞社--> |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkcyAAAAMAAJ&q=夏至+1刻 |page=63|isbn=<!--402258369X, -->9784022583697 |language=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name="jinbunsha-nazo">{{Cite book|editor=Jinbunsha <!--人文社編集部--> |title=Nihon no nazo to fushigi taizen: Higashi Nihon hen |script-title=ja:日本の謎と不思議大全 東日本編 |publisher=Jinbunsha <!--人文社--> |year=2006 |page=55 |series=<!--ものしりミニシリーズ -->|isbn=978-4-7959-1986-0 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="jinbunsha-nazo">{{Cite book|editor=Jinbunsha <!--人文社編集部--> |title=Nihon no nazo to fushigi taizen: Higashi Nihon hen |script-title=ja:日本の謎と不思議大全 東日本編 |publisher=Jinbunsha <!--人文社--> |year=2006 |page=55 |series=<!--ものしりミニシリーズ -->|isbn=978-4-7959-1986-0 |language=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name="jinbunsha-shokoku_kaidan">{{Cite book|editor=Jinbunsha <!--人文社編集部--> |title=Shokoku kaidan kidan shūsei: Edo shokoku hyakumonogatari: Higashi Nihon hen  |script-title=ja:諸国怪談奇談集成 江戸諸国百物語 東日本編 |publisher=Jinbunsha <!--人文社--> |year=2006 |page=45 |series=<!--ものしりシリーズ --> |isbn=978-4-7959-1955-6 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="jinbunsha-shokoku_kaidan">{{Cite book|editor=Jinbunsha <!--人文社編集部--> |title=Shokoku kaidan kidan shūsei: Edo shokoku hyakumonogatari: Higashi Nihon hen  |script-title=ja:諸国怪談奇談集成 江戸諸国百物語 東日本編 |publisher=Jinbunsha <!--人文社--> |year=2006 |page=45 |series=<!--ものしりシリーズ --> |isbn=978-4-7959-1955-6 |language=ja}}</ref>
 <ref name="miyamoto_yukie">{{cite book |last=Miyamoto |first=Yukie |author-link=<!--宮本幸枝--> |chapter=Chapter 4. Sora to umi no Yōkai. §Ikuchi|script-chapter=ja:第四章 空と海の妖怪 §イクチ |title=Nihon no yōkai FILE |script-title=ja:日本の妖怪FILE |trans-title= |location= |publisher=Gakken Publishing<!--学研--> |date=2013 |url=<!--non previewable--> |page=132 |isbn=<!--???-->978-4-054056-63-3|language=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name="murakami2005">{{Cite book|last=Murakami |first=Kenji |author-link=:ja:村上健司 |title=Nihon yōkai daijiten |script-title=ja:日本妖怪大事典 |publisher=Kadokawa<!--角川書店--> |year=2005 |series=Kwai books|isbn=978-4-04-883926-6 |page=25 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="murakami2005">{{Cite book|last=Murakami |first=Kenji |author-link=:ja:村上健司 |title=Nihon yōkai daijiten |script-title=ja:日本妖怪大事典 |publisher=Kadokawa<!--角川書店--> |year=2005 |series=Kwai books|isbn=978-4-04-883926-6 |page=25 |language=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai">{{Citation|last=Tsumura |first=Sōan |author-link=:ja:津村淙庵 |author-mask=In, Masayoshi 員正恭 (aka Tsumura, Sōan ) |title=Tankai |script-title=ja:譚海 |volume=9<!--巻之九^^-->|publisher=Kokusho kankōkai<!--[[国書刊行会]]--> |date=1917 |orig-date=1795 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/945833/1/164 |page=285 |doi=10.11501/945833 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="tsumura-aka-en_masayasu-tankai">{{Citation|last=Tsumura |first=Sōan |author-link=:ja:津村淙庵 |author-mask=In, Masayoshi 員正恭 (aka Tsumura, Sōan ) |title=Tankai |script-title=ja:譚海 |volume=9<!--巻之九^^-->|publisher=Kokusho kankōkai<!--[[国書刊行会]]--> |date=1917 |orig-date=1795 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/945833/1/164 |page=285 |doi=10.11501/945833 |language=ja}}</ref>
 <ref name="toriyama">{{cite book|last=Toriyama |first=Sekien |author-link=Toriyama Sekien |chapter=Ayakashi |script-chapter=ja:あやかし |title=Konjaku hyakki shūi |script-title=ja:百鬼夜行拾遺（今昔百鬼拾遺） 3巻 |volume=2<!--中巻--> |publisher=Naganoya Kankichi<!--長野屋勘吉--> |year=1805 |chapter-url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2551540/7 |quote=あやかし 西国の海上に船のかゝり居（お）る時、ながきもの船こえて二三日もやまざる事あり。 油の出る事おびたゞし. 船人力をきはめて此油をくみほせば害なし。しかざれば船沈む。是あやかしのつきたる也。}}</ref>
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 <ref name="toriyama-eng">{{citation|last=Toriyama |first=Sekien |author-link=Toriyama Sekien |translator=Hiroko Yoda |translator2=Matt Alt |chapter=Ayakashi |title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeTtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |pages=194|isbn=9780486818757 }}</ref>
-<ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata">{{Cite book|last=Tsumura |first=Sōan |author-link=:ja:津村淙庵 |editor-last=Shibata |editor-first=Shōkyoku |editor-link=:ja:柴田宵曲 |chapter=Tankai |script-chapter=ja:譚海 |title=Kidan ibun jiten |script-title=ja:奇談異聞辞典 |publisher=Chikuma shobo |year=2008 |series=<!--ちくま学芸文庫--> |isbn=978-4-480-09162-8 |page=32 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="tsumura-tankai-ed-shibata">{{Cite book|last=Tsumura |first=Sōan |author-link=:ja:津村淙庵 |editor-last=Shibata |editor-first=Shōkyoku |editor-link=:ja:柴田宵曲 |chapter=Tankai |script-chapter=ja:譚海 |title=Kidan ibun jiten |script-title=ja:奇談異聞辞典 |publisher=Chikuma shobo |year=2008 |series=<!--ちくま学芸文庫--> |isbn=978-4-480-09162-8 |page=32 |language=ja}}</ref>
-<ref name="yabuno">{{cite web|last=Yabuno |first=Tadashi  |author-link=<!--藪野直史Tadashi Yabuno--> |title=Mimibukoro kan-no-san Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono no koto |script-title=ja:耳嚢　巻之三　海上にいくじといふものゝ事 |work=鬼火 Le feu follet |url=https://onibi.cocolog-nifty.com/alain_leroy_/2010/09/post-8b91.html |date=2010-09-20 |access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>
+<ref name="yabuno">{{cite web|last=Yabuno |first=Tadashi  |author-link=<!--藪野直史Tadashi Yabuno--> |title=Mimibukoro kan-no-san Kaijō ni ikuji to yū mono no koto |script-title=ja:耳嚢 巻之三 海上にいくじといふものゝ事 |work=鬼火 Le feu follet |url=https://onibi.cocolog-nifty.com/alain_leroy_/2010/09/post-8b91.html |date=2010-09-20 |access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>
-<ref name="yamaguchi2007">{{Cite book|last=Yamaguchi |first=Bintaro |author-link=:ja:山口敏太郎 |title=Hontō ni iru Nihon no gendai yōkai zukan |script-title=ja:本当にいる日本の現代妖怪図鑑 |publisher=Kasakura<!--笠倉出版社--> |year=2007 |isbn=978-4-7730-0365-9 |page=134 |lang=ja}}</ref>
+<ref name="yamaguchi2007">{{Cite book|last=Yamaguchi |first=Bintaro |author-link=:ja:山口敏太郎 |title=Hontō ni iru Nihon no gendai yōkai zukan |script-title=ja:本当にいる日本の現代妖怪図鑑 |publisher=Kasakura<!--笠倉出版社--> |year=2007 |isbn=978-4-7730-0365-9 |page=134 |language=ja}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 [[Category:Legendary fish]]
 [[Category:Sea serpents]]
+[[Category:Water spirits]]

v t e Japanese folklore
Folktales	Awa Tanuki Gassen Banchō Sarayashiki Bunbuku Chagama Hachikazuki Hanasaka Jiisan Hyakki Yagyō Issun-bōshi Kachi-kachi Yama Kasa Jizō Kintarō Kobutori Jiisan Momotarō Nezumi no Sumō Saru Kani Gassen Shita-kiri Suzume Taketori Monogatari Tawara Tōda Tsuru no Ongaeshi Urashima Tarō Oto-hime Uriko-hime Yotsuya Kaidan
Texts	Konjaku Monogatarishū Otogi-zōshi Uji Shūi Monogatari
Legendary creatures (Yōkai)	Abura-akago Abura-sumashi Aka Manto Akaname Akashita Akateko Akuma Amabie Amazake-babaa Amefurikozō Ameonna Amikiri Aoandon Aobōzu Aonyōbō Aosaginohi Ashinagatenaga Ayakashi Azukiarai Bake-kujira Baku Basan Binbōgami Chimimōryō Daidarabotchi Dodomeki Dragon Mizuchi Nure-onna Enenra Furaribi Fūri Futakuchi-onna Gagoze Gashadokuro Harionago Hibagon Hiderigami Hito-gitsune Hitotsume-kozō Hitotsume-nyūdō Hone-onna Hyōsube Ikuchi Inugami Ishinagenjo Isonade Jinmenju Jorōgumo Jubokko Kaibyō Bakeneko Nekomata Kamaitachi Kamikiri Kappa Yamawaro Kasha Keukegen Kijimuna Kinoko Kirin Kitsune Hakuzōsu Osaki Tamamo-no-Mae Kodama Komainu Konaki-jiji Korpokkur Koromodako Kotobuki Kuda-gitsune Kudan Mazoku Mikaribaba Mikoshi-nyūdō Miage-nyūdō Misaki Mokumokuren Mōryō Mujina Namazu Ningyo Noderabō Noppera-bō Nue Nuppeppō Nurarihyon Nurikabe Nyūdō-bōzu Obake Oboroguruma Ōkubi Ōmukade Oni Amanojaku Ibaraki-dōji Kijo/Onibaba Momiji Kurozuka Suzuka Gozen Yama-uba Kidōmaru Namahage Rashōmon no oni Shuten-dōji Ushi-oni Onibi Janjanbi Kitsunebi Shiranui Onikuma Ōnyūdō Orochi Otoroshi Ouni Raijū Rokurokubi Samebito Sankai Satori Sazae-oni Shachihoko Shidaidaka Shikigami Shinigami Shirime Shōjō Shōkera Sunekosuri Takaonna Tanuki Danzaburou-danuki Inugami Gyōbu Shibaemon-tanuki Yashima no Hage-tanuki Ten Tengu Sōjōbō Tennin Tenome Tesso Tōfu-kozō Tsuchigumo Tsuchinoko Tsukumogami Abumi-guchi Bakezōri Biwa-bokuboku Boroboroton Chōchin'obake Ittan-momen Kasa-obake Koto-furunushi Menreiki Ungaikyō Tsurara-onna Tsurubebi Tsurube-otoshi Ubagabi Ubume Umibōzu Umi zatō Uwan Waira Wanyūdō Yamabiko Yamajijii Yanari Yobuko Yōsei Yosuzume Yuki-onna Yume no seirei Yūrei/Mononoke Funayūrei Hanako-san Ikiryō Onryō Goryō Kuchisake-onna Shiryō Zashiki-warashi
Folklorists	Kunio Yanagita Keigo Seki Lafcadio Hearn Shigeru Mizuki Inoue Enryō