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{{Short description|Idiom of Japanese folklore: a mass parade of supernatural creatures}}
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[[image:Hyakki Yako.jpg|thumb|300px|"Hyakki Yagyō" by [[Kawanabe Kyōsai]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Timothy|title=Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=0714114626|page=64}}</ref> ]]
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
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[[File:Hyakki Yako.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"Hyakki Yagyō" by [[Kawanabe Kyōsai]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Timothy|title=Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0714114620|page=64}}</ref> ]]


'''''Hyakki Yagyō''''' ({{lang|ja|百鬼夜行}}, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"<ref name=Transfiguration />), also transliterated '''''Hyakki Yakō''''', is an idiom in [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]] [[folklore]]. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as ''[[oni]]'' and ''[[yōkai]]'' that march through the streets of Japan at night.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yoda|first=Hiroko|title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien|year=2016|publisher=Dover Publishing|page=x|isbn=9780486800356}}</ref> As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural into the real world, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of [[wikt:pandemonium|pandemonium]] in English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref>
'''''Hyakki Yagyō,''''' variation: hyakki yakō, (百鬼夜行; lit. "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"<ref name=Transfiguration />) is a concept in [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]] [[folklore]]. It is a parade which is composed of a hundred kinds of ''[[yōkai]]''.


==Definition==
==Various legends==
Over more than one thousand years of history, and its role as a popular theme in traditional storytelling and art, a great deal of folklore has developed around the concept, making it difficult if not impossible to isolate any canonical meanings.
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Legend has it that "every year the ''yokai'' [[Nurarihyon]], will lead all of the ''[[yōkai]]'' through the streets of Japan during summer nights." Anyone who comes across the procession would perish or be spirited away by the ''yōkai'', unless protected by handwritten scrolls by anti-yokai ''onmyoji'' spellcasters. It is said that only an onmyoji clan head is strong enough to pass Nurarihyon's Hyakki Yagyo unharmed.<ref name="youkaijiten">村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、288-289頁。ISBN 4-620-31428-5。</ref>


⚫
One legend of recent vintage states that "every year the ''yōkai'' [[Nurarihyon]], will lead all of the ''[[yōkai]]'' through the streets of Japan during summer nights." Anyone who comes across the procession would perish or be spirited away by the ''yōkai'', unless protected by exorcism scrolls handwritten by ''[[Onmyōdō|Onmyōji]]'' spell-casters. It is said that only an onmyōji clan head is strong enough to pass Nurarihyon's Hyakki Yagyō unharmed.<ref name="youkaijiten">村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、288-289頁。{{ISBN|4-620-31428-5}}。</ref>
⚫
According to the account in the Shūgaishō (拾芥抄), a medieval Japanese encyclopedia, the only way to be kept safe from the night parade if it were to come by your house is to stay inside on the specific nights associated with the Chinese zodiac or to chant the magic spell: "''KA-TA-SHI-HA-YA, E-KA-SE-NI-KU-RI-NI, TA-ME-RU-SA-KE, TE-E-HI, A-SHI-E-HI, WA-RE-SHI-KO-NI-KE-RI''" (カタシハヤ, エカセニクリニ, タメルサケ, テエヒ, アシエヒ, ワレシコニケリ).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yokai.com/hyakkiyagyou/| title= Hyakki Yagyō | accessdate=2014-05-19}}</ref>

⚫
According to another account in the Shūgaishō (拾芥抄), a medieval Japanese encyclopedia, the only way to be kept safe from the night parade if it were to come by your house is to stay inside on the specific nights associated with the Chinese zodiac or to chant the magic spell: "''KA-TA-SHI-HA-YA, E-KA-SE-NI-KU-RI-NI, TA-ME-RU-SA-KE, TE-E-HI, A-SHI-E-HI, WA-RE-SHI-KO-NI-KE-RI''" (カタシハヤ, エカセニクリニ, タメルサケ, テエヒ, アシエヒ, ワレシコニケリ).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yokai.com/hyakkiyagyou/| title= Hyakki Yagyō | accessdate=2014-05-19}}</ref>


==In literature==
==In literature==
The ''hyakki yagyō'' has appeared in several tales collected by Japanese folklorists.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>
The ''Hyakki Yagyō'' has appeared in several tales collected by Japanese folklorists.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>


*Uji shui Monogatari (宇治拾遺物語), in which a monk encounters a group of a hundred youkai which pass by the [[Ryūsenji|Ryūsenji temple]].
*''[[Uji Shūi Monogatari]]'' (宇治拾遺物語), in which a monk encounters a group of a hundred yōkai which pass by the [[Ryūsenji|Ryūsenji temple]].
*Konjaku Monogatari Shuu (今昔物語集), which tells that during the [[Emperor Seiwa|Jougan Era]] (859–877), the eldest son of minister [[Fujiwara no Mototsune|Fujiwara]] was on his way to his lover's place when he saw 100 demons walking from the direction of the [[University of Tokyo]] Miya main street. Since his attire had the ''sonjoushi'' written on it, the demons who noticed this ran away.
*''[[Konjaku Monogatarishū]]'' (今昔物語集), which tells that during the [[Jōgan]] era (859–877), the eldest son of minister [[Fujiwara no Mototsune|Fujiwara]] was on his way to his lover's place when he saw 100 demons walking from the direction of the main street. Since his attire had the ''sonjoushi''{{clarification needed|date=May 2019}} written on it, the demons who noticed it ran away.
*The Great Mirror(大鏡, Ookagami)
*''[[Ōkagami]]'' (大鏡)
*Goudanshou (江談抄)
*''[[Gōdanshō]]'' (江談抄)
*Kohonsetsuwashuu (古本説話集)
*''[[Kohon Setsuwashū]]'' (古本説話集)
*Houbutsushuu (宝物集)
*''[[Hōbutsushū]]'' (宝物集)


==In art==
==In art==
The night parade was a popular theme in Japanese visual art.<ref name=Transfiguration>{{cite journal|last=Lillehoj|first=Elizabeth|title=Transfiguration: Man-Made Objects as Demons in Japanese Scrolls|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|year=1995|volume=54|issue=1|pages=7–34|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1178217|accessdate=8 April 2013|doi=10.2307/1178217}}</ref>
The night parade was a popular theme in Japanese visual art.<ref name=Transfiguration>{{cite journal|last=Lillehoj|first=Elizabeth|title=Transfiguration: Man-Made Objects as Demons in Japanese Scrolls|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|year=1995|volume=54|issue=1|pages=7–34|jstor=1178217|doi=10.2307/1178217}}</ref>


One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century [[Emakimono|handscroll]] ''Hyakki Yagyō Zu'' (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to [[Tosa Mitsunobu]], located in the Shinju-an of [[Daitoku-ji]], [[Kyoto]].<ref name=Transfiguration /> For other picture scrolls, the ''Hyakki Yagyō Emaki'' (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the [[Muromachi]] period.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>
One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century [[Emakimono|handscroll]] ''Hyakki Yagyō Zu'' (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to [[Tosa Mitsunobu]], located in the Shinju-an of [[Daitoku-ji]], [[Kyoto]].<ref name=Transfiguration /> For other picture scrolls, the ''Hyakki Yagyō Emaki'' (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the [[Muromachi]] period.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>


Other notable works in this motif include those by [[Toriyama Sekien]] (''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]'')<ref name=Pandemonium>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=55|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&dq=toriyama+sekien&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> and [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]]. However, Toriyama's work presents ''yokai'' in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,<ref name=Pandemonium /> while Utagawa's "''Kokkei Wanisshi-ki'' (Comical Record of Japanese History), employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China."<ref name=Boone>{{cite web|last=Lillehoj|first=Elizabeth|title=Commentary|url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html|work=The Boone Collection|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref>
Other notable works in this motif include those by [[Toriyama Sekien]] (''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]'')<ref name=Pandemonium>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref> and [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]]. However, Toriyama's work presents ''yōkai'' in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,<ref name=Pandemonium /> while Utagawa's ''[[Kokkei Wanisshi-ki]]'' ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.<ref name=Boone>{{cite web|last=Lillehoj |first=Elizabeth |title=Commentary |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704013042/http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2013 |website=The Boone Collection |accessdate=8 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Modern fiction and film==
The ''Hyakki Yagyō'' has appeared several times in modern fiction and film. It has been featured in Japanese manga, animation, and games.

The manga ''[[Nurarihyon no Mago]]'', has Rikuo Nura, the Third Head of the [[Nura Clan]], leading a ''Hyakki Yakō'', a group of yokai composed of his friends and allies.

In the [[Studio Ghibli|Ghibli]] movie ''[[Pom Poko]]'', "Operation Poltergeist" resembles a ''Hyakki Yagyō''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural References in Manga|url=http://library.osu.edu/wikis/library/index.php/Cultural_References_in_Manga|work=The Ohio State University Library Wiki|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref>

The children's game ''[[Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai]]'', a popular didactic Buddhist-inspired parlour game, was based on this idea.<ref name="youkaijiten" />


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Nurarihyon no Mago]]
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]''
* [[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]
* ''[[Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki]]''
* [[Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro]]
* ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''
* [[Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki]]
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro]]''
* [[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]
* [[Nightmarchers]]
* [[Nightmarchers]]
* ''[[Nurarihyon no Mago]]''
* ''[[Pom Poko]]''
* [[Unseelie Court]]
* [[Unseelie Court]]
* [[Wild Hunt]]
* [[Wild Hunt]]


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />{{Japanese folklore long}}{{Authority control}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyakki Yako}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyakki Yako}}
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese mythology]]
[[Category:Japanese mythology]]
[[Category:Yōkai]]
[[Category:Oni]]

Latest revision as of 22:46, 27 April 2024

"Hyakki Yagyō" by Kawanabe Kyōsai[1]

Hyakki Yagyō (百鬼夜行, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"[2]), also transliterated Hyakki Yakō, is an idiom in Japanese folklore. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as oni and yōkai that march through the streets of Japan at night.[3] As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural into the real world, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of pandemonium in English.[4]

Various legends[edit]

Over more than one thousand years of history, and its role as a popular theme in traditional storytelling and art, a great deal of folklore has developed around the concept, making it difficult if not impossible to isolate any canonical meanings.

One legend of recent vintage states that "every year the yōkai Nurarihyon, will lead all of the yōkai through the streets of Japan during summer nights." Anyone who comes across the procession would perish or be spirited away by the yōkai, unless protected by exorcism scrolls handwritten by Onmyōji spell-casters. It is said that only an onmyōji clan head is strong enough to pass Nurarihyon's Hyakki Yagyō unharmed.[5]

According to another account in the Shūgaishō (拾芥抄), a medieval Japanese encyclopedia, the only way to be kept safe from the night parade if it were to come by your house is to stay inside on the specific nights associated with the Chinese zodiac or to chant the magic spell: "KA-TA-SHI-HA-YA, E-KA-SE-NI-KU-RI-NI, TA-ME-RU-SA-KE, TE-E-HI, A-SHI-E-HI, WA-RE-SHI-KO-NI-KE-RI" (カタシハヤ, エカセニクリニ, タメルサケ, テエヒ, アシエヒ, ワレシコニケリ).[6]

In literature[edit]

The Hyakki Yagyō has appeared in several tales collected by Japanese folklorists.[5]

In art[edit]

The night parade was a popular theme in Japanese visual art.[2]

One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century handscroll Hyakki Yagyō Zu (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to Tosa Mitsunobu, located in the Shinju-an of Daitoku-ji, Kyoto.[2] For other picture scrolls, the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the Muromachi period.[5]

Other notable works in this motif include those by Toriyama Sekien (Gazu Hyakki Yagyō)[7] and Utagawa Yoshiiku. However, Toriyama's work presents yōkai in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,[7] while Utagawa's Kokkei Wanisshi-ki ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Clark, Timothy (1993). Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai. British Museum Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0714114620.
  2. ^ a b c Lillehoj, Elizabeth (1995). "Transfiguration: Man-Made Objects as Demons in Japanese Scrolls". Asian Folklore Studies. 54 (1): 7–34. doi:10.2307/1178217. JSTOR 1178217.
  3. ^ Yoda, Hiroko (2016). Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien. Dover Publishing. p. x. ISBN 9780486800356.
  4. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780520942677.
  5. ^ a b c 村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、288-289頁。ISBN 4-620-31428-5。
  6. ^ "Hyakki Yagyō". Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  7. ^ a b Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780520942677.
  8. ^ Lillehoj, Elizabeth. "Commentary". The Boone Collection. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
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