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{{Short description|Legendary figure in Japanese mythology}}
[[Image:Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock.jpg|right|thumb|Tamamo-no-Mae Woodblock print by Tsukioka [[Yoshitoshi]]]]
[[Image:Tamamo-no-mae-woodblock.jpg|right|thumb|Tamamo-no-Mae Woodblock print by Tsukioka [[Yoshitoshi]]]]


'''Tamamo-no-Mae''' (玉藻前, 玉藻の前, also 玉藻御前) is a legendary figure in [[Japanese mythology]]. One of the stories explaining the legend comes from [[Muromachi period]] genre fiction called ''[[otogizōshi]]''. In the otogizōshi Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese [[Emperor Konoe]] (who reigned from 1142 through 1155).
'''Tamamo-no-Mae''' ({{lang|ja|玉藻前}}, {{lang|ja|玉藻の前}}, also {{lang|ja|玉藻御前}}) is a legendary figure in [[Japanese mythology]]. One of the stories explaining the legend comes from [[Muromachi period]] (1336 to 1573) genre fiction called ''[[otogizōshi]]''. In the otogizōshi Tamamo-no-Mae was a [[courtesan]] under the Japanese [[Emperor Konoe]] (who reigned from 1142 through 1155).

Tamamo-no-Mae is believed to have been based on the historical empress consort [[Fujiwara no Nariko]] (1117-1160), mother of Konoe, who participated in a number of succession struggles leading to the [[Hōgen rebellion]] and [[Heiji rebellion]].{{sfnp|Marks|2023|p=107}}


==Legends==
==Legends==
Stories of Tamamo-no-Mae being a legendary [[fox spirit]] appear during the [[Muromachi period]] as [[otogizōshi]] (prose narratives), one of which is titled ''[[Tamamizu monogatari]]'' (or "The Tale of Tamamizu") <ref>"The Tale of Tamamizu" [https://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit-e/otogi/tamamizu/tamamizu.html" Enjoying Otogizōshi with the Help of Synopsis and Illustrations.] Retrieved November 20, 2017.</ref> and were also mentioned by [[Toriyama Sekien]] in ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''. Edo period folklore then conflated the legend with similar foreign stories about fox spirits corrupting rulers, causing chaos in their territories.
Stories of Tamamo-no-Mae being a legendary [[fox spirit]] appear during the [[Muromachi period]] as [[otogizōshi]] (prose narratives), and were also mentioned by [[Toriyama Sekien]] in ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''. Edo period folklore then conflated the legend with similar foreign stories about fox spirits corrupting rulers, causing chaos in their territories.

⚫
[[File:Hokusai_Sangoku_Yoko-den.jpg|thumb|300px|Fleeing fox spirit as Lady Kayō depicted in Hokusai's ''Sangoku Yōko-den'' ({{lang|ja|三国妖狐伝}})]]
⚫
In the story told by [[Hokusai]], formed in the [[Edo period]], the nine-tailed fox first appeared in China and possessed [[Daji]], a concubine of the [[Shang dynasty]]'s last ruler [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]]. She enchanted the king and brought on a reign of terror that led to a rebellion that ended the Shang dynasty. The fox spirit fled to [[Magadha]] of [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] (ancient India) and became Lady Kayō ({{lang|ja|華陽夫人}}), concubine of the crown prince Banzoku ({{lang|ja|班足太子}}; based on Indian tales of [[Kalmashapada]] the man-eater),{{sfnp|Ferguson|2012|p=3|loc=note 3}} causing him to cut off the heads of a thousand men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country. The same fox returned to China around 780 BC and was said to have possessed [[Bao Si]], a concubine of the [[Zhou dynasty]] [[King You of Zhou|King You]]. It was again chased away by human military forces.


⚫
The fox stayed quiet for some period. Then she appeared in Japan as Tamamo-no-Mae, the most favoured courtesan of [[Emperor Toba]]. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman, being able to answer any question asked. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was eventually exposed as a fox spirit by the astrologer Abe no Yasuchika, who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. A few years later, the emperor sent Kazusa-no-suke ({{lang|ja|上総介}}) and Miura-no-suke ({{lang|ja|三浦介}}) to kill the fox in the plains of [[Nasu, Tochigi|Nasu]].{{sfnp|Ferguson|2012|pp=2-3}}
⚫
[[File:Hokusai_Sangoku_Yoko-den.jpg|thumb|300px|Fleeing fox spirit as Lady Kayō depicted in Hokusai's ''Sangoku Yōko-den'' (三国妖狐伝)]]
⚫
In the story told by [[Hokusai]], formed in the [[Edo period]], the nine-tail fox first appeared in China and possessed [[Daji]], concubine of [[Shang dynasty]]'s last ruler [[King Zhou of Shang|King Zhou]]. She enchanted the king and brought upon a reign of terror that led to a rebellion that ended the Shang dynasty. The fox spirit fled to [[Magadha]] of [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] (ancient India) and became Lady Kayō (華陽夫人), concubine of the crown prince Banzoku (班足太子; based on Indian tales of [[Kalmashapada]] the man-eater<ref>Ferguson, p. 3 note 3</ref>), causing him to cut off the heads of 1000 men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country. Around 780 BC, the same fox returned to China was said to have possessed [[Bao Si]], concubine of the [[Zhou dynasty]] [[King You of Zhou|King You]]. It was again chased away by human military forces.


⚫
[[File:Jizo,Kshitigarbha,Sesshoseki_,Nasu_Town,Tochigi_Prefecture,Japan_20160817.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sessho-seki]] (Killing Stone) and Thousand [[Jizō]] Statues]]
⚫
The fox stayed quiet for some period. Then she appeared in Japan as Tamamo-no-Mae, the most favoured courtesan of [[Emperor Toba]]. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman, being able to answer any question asked. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was eventually exposed as a fox spirit by the astrologer [[Abe no Yasuchika]], who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. A few years later, the emperor sent Kazusa-no-suke (上総介) and Miura-no-suke (三浦介) to kill the fox in the plains of [[Nasu, Tochigi|Nasu]].<ref>Ferguson, pp. 2–3</ref>
⚫
In the 1653 ''Tamamo no sōshi'' ({{lang|ja|玉藻の草紙}}), an addendum was added to the story describing that the spirit of Tamamo-no-mae embedded itself into a stone called the ''[[Sesshō-seki]]''. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it.{{sfnp|Ferguson|2012|p=3}} The stone was said to have been destroyed in the [[Nanboku-chō period]] by the Buddhist monk Gennō Shinshō ({{lang|ja|源翁心昭}}), who exorcised the now-repentant fox spirit. He held a Buddhist memorial service after the deed, allowing the spirit to finally rest in peace.{{sfnp|Ferguson|2012|p=4}}


The stone split in two on March 5, 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=殺生石 真っ二つ 以前からひび、自然現象か 那須｜社会,県内主要｜下野新聞「SOON」ニュース｜下野新聞 SOON(スーン) |url=https://www.shimotsuke.co.jp/articles/-/561829 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=下野新聞 SOON |language=ja}}</ref> Cracks in the stone had been seen several years before the split, possibly allowing rainwater to penetrate and weaken it, so it is highly likely that the stone cracked naturally.<ref name=":0" /> Some humorously speculated that this had freed Tamamo-no-Mae, and social media in Japan predicted that dark forces had been released.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Japan's 'killing stone' splits in two, releasing superstitions amid the sulphur springs |last=McCurry |first=Justin |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 March 2022 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/japans-killing-stone-splits-in-two-releasing-superstitions-and-toxic-gases}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Jizo,Kshitigarbha,Sesshoseki_,Nasu_Town,Tochigi_Prefecture,Japan_20160817.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sessho-seki]](Killing Stone) and Thousand [[Jizō]] Statues]]
⚫
In the 1653 ''Tamamo no sōshi'' (玉藻の草紙), an addendum was added to the story describing that the spirit of Tamamo-no-mae embedded itself into a stone called the ''[[Sessho-seki]]''. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it.<ref>Ferguson, p. 3</ref> The stone was said to have been destroyed in the [[Nanboku-chō period]] by the Buddhist monk Gennō Shinshō (源翁心昭), who exorcised the now-repentant fox spirit. He held a Buddhist memorial service after the deed, allowing the spirit to finally rest in peace.<ref>Ferguson, p. 4</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 18: Line 23:


==References==
==References==
* {{cite web | title=Tamamo-no-Mae (synopsis) | website=Enjoying ''Otogizōshi'' with the Help of Synopsis and Illustrations| url=http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit-e/otogi/tamamo/tamamo.html | accessdate=June 9, 2010}}
* {{cite web | title=Enjoying Otogizōshi with the Help of Synopsis and Illustrations, Ninth Story; Tamamo-No-Mae | website=Kyoto University Rare Materials Digital Archive| url=http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit-e/otogi/tamamo/tamamo.html | access-date=9 March 2022 |publisher=Kyoto University}}
* {{cite web | title=Japanese Dakini | url=http://www.khandro.net/dakini_Japan.htm| accessdate=February 22, 2006}}
* {{cite web | title=Japanese Dakini | url=http://www.khandro.net/dakini_Japan.htm| access-date=22 February 2006 |website=Khandro}}
* {{cite web | title=Hoji - Spiritual Being | website=Japanese Mythology - The Gods of Japan | url=http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/japanese-mythology.php?deity=HOJI | accessdate=February 27, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=TAMANO-NO-MAE |url=https://www.godchecker.com/japanese-mythology/TAMAMO-NO-MAE/ |website=Godchecker |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=3 November 2018 |editor1-first=Chas |editor1-last=Saunders |editor2-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Allen}}
*{{cite thesis|last=Ferguson|first = I. S. |year=2012 |title=The evolution of a legend---A comparison of the character of Tamamo no mae portrayed in Muromachi period otogizoshi and in the late-Edo vendetta tale, "Ito guruma kyubi no kitsune" ("The Spinning Wheel and the Nine-Tailed Fox")|publisher=University of Colorado at Boulder}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Ferguson |first=Ian S. |date=2012 |title=The Evolution of a Legend: A Comparison of the Character of Tamamo no Mae Portrayed in Muromachi Period ''Otogizōshi'' and in the Late-Edo Vendetta Tale, ''Ito guruma kyūbi no kitsune'' (''The Spinning Wheel and the Nine-Tailed Fox'')|publisher=University of Colorado at Boulder |type=MA |series=Asian Languages & Civilizations Graduate Theses & Dissertations |volume=6 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54848969.pdf}}
* Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194, {{ISBN|3-8258-9483-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Mailahn |first=Klaus |title=Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos |location=Münster, Germany |date=2006 |pages=190–194 |isbn=3-8258-9483-5 |publisher=LIT |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Marks |first=Andreas |title=Japanese Yokai and Other Supernatural Beings |date=2023 |pages=107 |isbn=9781462923830 |publisher=Tuttle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSudEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22nariko%22+tamamo+no+mae&pg=PA107}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 31: Line 37:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamamo-No-Mae}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamamo-No-Mae}}
[[Category:Foxes in literature]]
[[Category:Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Kitsune (fox)]]
[[Category:Kitsune (fox)]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 22 April 2024

Tamamo-no-Mae Woodblock print by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前, 玉藻の前, also 玉藻御前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology. One of the stories explaining the legend comes from Muromachi period (1336 to 1573) genre fiction called otogizōshi. In the otogizōshi Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe (who reigned from 1142 through 1155).

Tamamo-no-Mae is believed to have been based on the historical empress consort Fujiwara no Nariko (1117-1160), mother of Konoe, who participated in a number of succession struggles leading to the Hōgen rebellion and Heiji rebellion.[1]

Legends[edit]

Stories of Tamamo-no-Mae being a legendary fox spirit appear during the Muromachi period as otogizōshi (prose narratives), and were also mentioned by Toriyama Sekien in Konjaku Hyakki Shūi. Edo period folklore then conflated the legend with similar foreign stories about fox spirits corrupting rulers, causing chaos in their territories.

Fleeing fox spirit as Lady Kayō depicted in Hokusai's Sangoku Yōko-den (三国妖狐伝)

In the story told by Hokusai, formed in the Edo period, the nine-tailed fox first appeared in China and possessed Daji, a concubine of the Shang dynasty's last ruler King Zhou. She enchanted the king and brought on a reign of terror that led to a rebellion that ended the Shang dynasty. The fox spirit fled to Magadha of Tianzhu (ancient India) and became Lady Kayō (華陽夫人), concubine of the crown prince Banzoku (班足太子; based on Indian tales of Kalmashapada the man-eater),[2] causing him to cut off the heads of a thousand men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country. The same fox returned to China around 780 BC and was said to have possessed Bao Si, a concubine of the Zhou dynasty King You. It was again chased away by human military forces.

The fox stayed quiet for some period. Then she appeared in Japan as Tamamo-no-Mae, the most favoured courtesan of Emperor Toba. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman, being able to answer any question asked. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was eventually exposed as a fox spirit by the astrologer Abe no Yasuchika, who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. A few years later, the emperor sent Kazusa-no-suke (上総介) and Miura-no-suke (三浦介) to kill the fox in the plains of Nasu.[3]

Sessho-seki (Killing Stone) and Thousand Jizō Statues

In the 1653 Tamamo no sōshi (玉藻の草紙), an addendum was added to the story describing that the spirit of Tamamo-no-mae embedded itself into a stone called the Sesshō-seki. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it.[4] The stone was said to have been destroyed in the Nanboku-chō period by the Buddhist monk Gennō Shinshō (源翁心昭), who exorcised the now-repentant fox spirit. He held a Buddhist memorial service after the deed, allowing the spirit to finally rest in peace.[5]

The stone split in two on March 5, 2022.[6] Cracks in the stone had been seen several years before the split, possibly allowing rainwater to penetrate and weaken it, so it is highly likely that the stone cracked naturally.[6] Some humorously speculated that this had freed Tamamo-no-Mae, and social media in Japan predicted that dark forces had been released.[7]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Marks (2023), p. 107.
  2. ^ Ferguson (2012), p. 3, note 3.
  3. ^ Ferguson (2012), pp. 2–3.
  4. ^ Ferguson (2012), p. 3.
  5. ^ Ferguson (2012), p. 4.
  6. ^ a b "殺生石 真っ二つ 以前からひび、自然現象か 那須｜社会,県内主要｜下野新聞「SOON」ニュース｜下野新聞 SOON(スーン)". 下野新聞 SOON (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  7. ^ McCurry, Justin (7 March 2022). "Japan's 'killing stone' splits in two, releasing superstitions amid the sulphur springs". The Guardian.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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