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{{Short description|Serpentine creature in Japanese mythology}}
{{Short description|Serpentine creature in Japanese mythology}}
[[Image:Kuniyoshi Utagawa, Dragon 2.jpg|thumb|Japanese Sea-dragon, by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]
[[Image:Kuniyoshi Utagawa, Dragon 2.jpg|thumb|Japanese sea-dragon, by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]
[[Image:Hokusai Dragon.jpg|thumb|Japanese Dragon, by [[Hokusai]].]]
[[Image:Hokusai Dragon.jpg|thumb|Japanese dragon, by [[Hokusai]]]]
[[Image:Tamatori being pursued bya dragon.jpg|thumb|Princess Tamatori steals the Dragon King's jewel, by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]
[[Image:Tamatori being pursued bya dragon.jpg|thumb|Princess Tamatori steals the Dragon King's jewel, by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]].]]
[[Image:Yoshitsuya The Fiery Dragon.jpg|thumb|[[Emperor Antoku]]'s grandmother rescuing him from a dragon, by Yoshitsuya Ichieisai.]]
[[Image:Yoshitsuya The Fiery Dragon.jpg|thumb|[[Emperor Antoku]]'s grandmother rescuing him from a dragon, by Yoshitsuya Ichieisai]]
[[File:Ogata Gekko - Ryu sho ten edit.jpg|thumb|A dragon ascends towards the heavens with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background in this 1897 [[ukiyo-e]] print from [[Ogata Gekkō]]'s ''Views of Mount Fuji''.]]
[[File:Ogata Gekko - Ryu sho ten edit.jpg|thumb|A dragon ascends towards the heavens with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background in this 1897 [[ukiyo-e]] print from [[Ogata Gekkō]]'s ''Views of Mount Fuji''.]]


'''Japanese dragons and Pegasus''' ({{lang|ja|日本の竜}}, ''Nihon no ryū'') are diverse [[legendary creatures]] in [[Japanese mythology]] and [[Japanese folklore|folklore]]. [[Japan]]ese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about [[dragon]]s from [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Pakistan]]. The style of the dragon was heavily influenced by the [[Chinese dragon]]. Like these other [[East Asian]] dragons, most Japanese ones are [[water deity|water deities]] associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet. The modern [[Japanese language]] has numerous "dragon" words, including indigenous ''Tatsu'' from [[Old Japanese]] ''ta-tu'', [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese]] ''[[wikt:ryū|ryū]]'' or ''ryō'' [[Wikt:竜|竜]] from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] [[Wikt:lóng|''lóng'']] [[Wikt:龍|龍]], ''nāga'' ナーガ from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[nāga]]'', and ''doragon'' ドラゴン from English "[[Wikt:dragon|dragon]]" (the latter being used almost exclusively to refer to the [[European dragon]] and derived fictional creatures).
'''Japanese dragons''' ({{lang|ja|日本の竜/龍}}, ''Nihon no ryū''){{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Or {{nihongo|'''''tatsu'''''|竜/龍}}, in ''[[kun'yomi]]'' or {{nihongo|'''''ryō'''''|龍}} pronounced archaically. Cf. {{section link||Chinese-Japanese dragons}}.}} are diverse [[legendary creatures]] in [[Japanese mythology]] and [[Japanese folklore|folklore]]. [[Japan]]ese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about [[dragon]]s from [[China]], [[Korea]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The style and appearance of the dragon was heavily influenced by the [[Chinese dragon]], especially the three-clawed ''long'' (龍) dragons which were introduced in Japan from China in ancient times.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Roy |title=All about Chinese dragons |date=2007 |publisher=China History Press |isbn=978-1-4357-0322-3 |location=Beijing |oclc=680519778}}</ref>{{Rp|page=94}} Like these other [[East Asian]] dragons, most Japanese ones are [[water deity|water deities]] or ''[[kami]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Kathie |title=The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images |last2=Flanagin |first2=Michael N. |last3=Martin |first3=Kathleen |last4=Martin |first4=Mary E. |last5=Mendelsohn |first5=John |last6=Rodgers |first6=Priscilla Young |last7=Ronnberg |first7=Ami |last8=Salman |first8=Sherry |last9=Wesley |first9=Deborah A. |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4 |editor-last=Arm |editor-first=Karen |location=Köln |page=280 |editor-last2=Ueda |editor-first2=Kako |editor-last3=Thulin |editor-first3=Anne |editor-last4=Langerak |editor-first4=Allison |editor-last5=Kiley |editor-first5=Timothy Gus |editor-last6=Wolff |editor-first6=Mary}}</ref>'' associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet.


==Indigenous Japanese dragons==
== Indigenous Japanese dragons ==
[[Image:Kiyohimesm.gif|right|thumb|200px|''Kiyohime Changes from a Dragon'' into a human woman, by [[Yoshitoshi Tsukioka]]]]
[[Image:Kiyohime-Serpent-1890-Tsukioka-Yoshitoshi.png|right|thumb|200px|''Kiyohime Changes from a Dragon'' into a human woman, by [[Yoshitoshi Tsukioka]]]]
[[Image:One of the daughters of the dragon king who lives in then bottom of the sea.jpg|200px|thumb|The Dragon King's daughter, whose father the Dragon King lives at the bottom of the sea. By [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]
[[Image:One of the daughters of the dragon king who lives in then bottom of the sea.jpg|200px|thumb|The Dragon King's daughter, whose father the Dragon King lives at the bottom of the sea. By [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]


The c. 680 AD ''[[Kojiki]]'' and the c. 720 AD ''[[Nihongi]]'' mytho-histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons. "In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways," explains de Visser,{{Sfn | de Visser | 1913 | p = 135}} "but mostly as water-gods, serpent- or dragon-shaped." The ''Kojiki'' and ''Nihongi'' mention several ancient dragons:
The c. 680 AD ''[[Kojiki]]'' and the c. 720 AD ''[[Nihongi]]'' mytho-histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons. "In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways," explains de Visser,{{Sfn | de Visser | 1913 | p = 135}} "but mostly as water-gods, serpent- or dragon-shaped." The ''Kojiki'' and ''Nihongi'' mention several ancient dragons:
* ''[[Yamata no Orochi]]'' 八岐大蛇 "8-branched giant snake" was an 8-headed and 8-tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea [[Susanoo]], who discovered the ''[[Kusanagi|Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi]]'' (legendary sword of the [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]]) in one of its tails.
* {{nihongo||八岐大蛇|[[Yamata no Orochi]]|{{lit|eight-branched giant snake}}}} was an eight-headed and eight-tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea [[Susanoo]], who discovered the ''[[Kusanagi|Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi]]'' (legendary sword of the [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]]) in one of its tails.
* ''[[Watatsumi]]'' 海神 "sea god" or ''[[Ryūjin]]'' 龍神 "dragon god" was the ruler of seas and oceans, and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form. He lived in the undersea ''[[Ryūgū-jō]]'' 龍宮城 "dragon palace castle", where he kept the magical [[tide jewels]].
* {{nihongo||海神|[[Watatsumi]]|{{lit|sea god}}}} or {{nihongo||龍神|[[Ryūjin]]|{{lit|dragon god}}}} was the ruler of seas and oceans, and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form. He lived in the undersea {{nihongo||龍宮城|[[Ryūgū-jō]]|{{lit|dragon palace castle}}}}, where he kept the magical [[tide jewels]].
* ''[[Toyotama-hime]]'' 豊玉姫 "Luminous Pearl Princess" was [[Ryūjin]]'s daughter. She purportedly was an ancestress of [[Emperor Jimmu]], Japan's legendary first emperor.
* {{nihongo||豊玉姫|[[Toyotama-hime]]|{{lit|Luminous Pearl Princess}}}} was [[Ryūjin]]'s daughter. She purportedly was an ancestress of [[Emperor Jimmu]], Japan's legendary first emperor.
*''[[Wani (dragon)|Wani]]'' 鰐 was a [[sea monster]] that is translated as both "shark" and "crocodile". ''Kuma-wani'' 熊鰐 "bear (i.e., giant or strong) shark/crocodile" are mentioned in two ancient legends. One says the sea god [[Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami]] transformed into an "8-fathom ''kuma-wani''" and fathered Toyotama-hime, the other says a ''kuma-wani'' piloted the ships of [[Emperor Chūai]] and his [[Empress Jingū]].
* {{nihongo||鰐|[[Wani (dragon)|Wani]]}} was a [[sea monster]] that is translated as both "shark" and "crocodile". {{nihongo||熊鰐|Kuma-wani|'bear (i.e., giant or strong) shark/crocodile'}} are mentioned in two ancient legends. One says the sea god [[Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami]] transformed into an "8-fathom ''kuma-wani''" and fathered Toyotama-hime, the other says a ''kuma-wani'' piloted the ships of [[Emperor Chūai]] and his [[Empress Jingū]].
*''[[Mizuchi]]'' 蛟 or 虯 was a river dragon and water deity. The ''Nihongi'' records legendary [[Emperor Nintoku]] offering human sacrifices to ''mizuchi'' angered by his [[river engineering]] projects.
*{{nihongo||蛟 or 虯|[[Mizuchi]]}} was a river dragon and water deity. The ''Nihongi'' records legendary [[Emperor Nintoku]] offering human sacrifices to ''mizuchi'' angered by his [[river engineering]] projects.
*''[[Raiju]]'' is Raijin's animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon.
*''[[Raijū]]'' is Raijin's animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon.


* ''[[Kiyohime]]'' 清姫 "Purity Princess" was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest. After he spurned her, she studied magic, transformed into a dragon, and killed him.
* {{nihongo||清姫|[[Kiyohime]]|{{lit|Purity Princess}}}} was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest. After he spurned her, she studied magic, transformed into a dragon, and killed him.
* ''[[Nure-onna]]'' 濡女 "Wet Woman" was a dragon with a woman's head and a snake's body. She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered.
* {{nihongo||濡女|[[Nure-onna]]|{{lit|Wet Woman}}}} was a dragon with a woman's head and a snake's body. She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered.
* ''[[Zennyo Ryūō]]'' 善如龍王 "goodness-like dragon king" was a rain-god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake's tail.
* {{nihongo||善如龍王|[[Zennyo Ryūō]]|{{lit|goodness-like dragon king}}}} was a rain-god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake's tail.
* In the fairy tale "[[My Lord Bag of Rice]]", the Ryūō "dragon king" of [[Lake Biwa]] asks the hero Tawara Tōda 田原藤太 to kill a giant centipede.
* In the fairy tale "[[My Lord Bag of Rice]]", the Ryūō "dragon king" of [[Lake Biwa]] asks the hero Tawara Tōda ({{lang|ja|田原藤太}}) to kill a giant centipede.
* ''[[Urashima Tarō]]'' rescued a [[turtle]] which took him to Ryūgū-jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryūjin.
* ''[[Urashima Tarō]]'' rescued a [[turtle]] which took him to Ryūgū-jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryūjin.
* ''O Goncho'' お ごんちょ or ''O-Gon-Cho'' オーゴンー著 "Golden bird" was a Japanese white dragon which lives in a deep pool, called Ukisima, near [[Kyoto]], at a place called [[Yamashiro Province|Yama-shiro]]. Every fifty years, the dragon changes into a golden bird. The cry of the bird is an omen of famine.


==Chinese-Japanese dragons==
==Chinese-Japanese dragons==
Chinese dragon mythology is central to Japanese dragons. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with ''[[kanji]]'' ("Chinese characters"), either simplified ''[[shinjitai]]'' 竜 or traditional ''[[kyūjitai]]'' 龍 from Chinese ''long'' 龍. These ''kanji'' can be read ''tatsu'' in native Japanese ''[[kun'yomi]]'' and ''ryū'' or ''ryō'' in Sino-Japanese ''[[on'yomi]]''.
[[Chinese dragon]] mythology appears to be the source of Japanese dragon mythology. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with ''[[kanji]]'' ("Chinese characters"), either simplified ''[[shinjitai]]'' 竜 or traditional ''[[kyūjitai]]'' 龍 from Chinese ''long'' 龍. These ''kanji'' can be read ''tatsu'' in native Japanese ''[[kun'yomi]]'',{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|As for {{nihongo|'''''tatsu'''''|竜/龍}}, in ''kun'yomi'', note that Japanese custom also followed the [[Chinese zodiac]] ("Year of the Dragon") system, in which case the character {{nihongo|tatsu|{{linktext|辰}}}} is used. This latter character has traditionally been frequently employed in personal names.}} and ''ryū'' or ''ryō'' in Sino-Japanese ''[[on'yomi]]''.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Alternatively {{nihongo|'''''ryō'''''|龍}}, as archaically pronounced, especially in certain combined forms in [[set phrase]]s, e.g., {{nihongo|''garyō tensei''|{{linktext|画竜点睛}}}}<!--"the finishing touches", lit. "eye-dots in the pictured dragon", often used idiomatically as ''garyō tensei wo kaku'' (lacking the "finishing touches", i.e., any work, project, etc. , not quite complete to the endeavorer's satisfaction) -->, or {{nihongo|''riryō ganka no tama''|驪竜頷下の珠|extra="jewel below the jaw of the black dragon"}}.<ref name="nihonkokugodaijiten-ganka-no-tama"/>}}


Many Japanese dragon names are [[loanwords]] from Chinese. For instance, the Japanese counterparts of the astrological [[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|Four Symbols]] are:
Many Japanese dragon names are [[loanword]]s from Chinese. For instance, the Japanese counterparts of the astrological [[Four Symbols]] are:
*''Seiryū'' < ''Qinglong'' 青龍 "[[Azure Dragon]]"
*''Seiryū'' < ''Qinglong'' 青龍 "[[Azure Dragon]]"
*''Suzaku'' < ''Zhuque'' 朱雀 "[[Vermilion Bird]]"
*''Suzaku'' < ''Zhuque'' 朱雀 "[[Vermilion Bird]]"
*''Byakko'' < ''Baihu'' 白虎 "[[White Tiger (China)|White Tiger]]"
*''Byakko'' < ''Baihu'' 白虎 "[[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]]"
*''Genbu'' < ''Xuanwu'' 玄武 "[[Black Tortoise]]"
*''Genbu'' < ''Xuanwu'' 玄武 "[[Black Tortoise]]"
Japanese ''Shiryū'' 四竜 "4 dragon [kings]" are the legendary Chinese ''Longwang'' 龍王 "[[Dragon King]]s" who rule the four seas.
Japanese ''Shiryū'' 四竜 "4 dragon [kings]" are the legendary Chinese ''Longwang'' 龍王 "[[Dragon King]]s" who rule the four seas.
*''Gōkō'' < ''Aoguang'' 敖廣 "[[Dragon King of the East Sea]]"
*''Gōkō'' < ''Aoguang'' 敖廣 "[[Ao Guang|Dragon King of the East Sea]]"
*''Gōkin'' < ''Aoqin'' 敖欽 "[[Dragon King of the South Sea]]"
*''Gōkin'' < ''Aoqin'' 敖欽 "[[Dragon King of the South Sea]]"
*''Gōjun'' < ''Aorun'' 敖閏 "[[Dragon King of the West Sea]]"
*''Gōjun'' < ''Aorun'' 敖閏 "[[Ao Run|Dragon King of the West Sea]]"
*''Gōjun'' < ''Aoshun'' 敖順 "[[Dragon King of the North Sea]]"
*''Gōjun'' < ''Aoshun'' 敖順 "[[Dragon King of the North Sea]]"


Some authors attempt to differentiate Japanese ''ryū'' and Chinese ''long'' dragons by the number of claws on their feet. In 1886 Charles Gould wrote that in Japan the dragon is "invariably figured as possessing three claws, whereas in China it has four or five, according to whether it is an ordinary or an Imperial emblem".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gould |first=Charles |title=Mythical Monsters |publisher=Norderstedt Hansebooks |year=1886 |isbn=978-3-337-97714-6 |oclc=1199763967}}</ref> A common belief in Japan is that the Japanese dragon was native to Japan and was fond of travelling, gaining claws as it walked further from Japan; e.g. when it arrived in Korea, it gained 4-claws; and when it finally arrived to China, it gained five-claws.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=94}} However, contrary to the Japanese belief that the three-clawed dragons also originated in China and were introduced to Japan.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=94}} Three-clawed dragons were depicted in China earlier in history<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=94}} and were the principal form of dragons which were used on the robes of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Michael |title=The arts of China |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-21876-0 |edition=4th ed., expanded and rev |location=Berkeley, Calif. |oclc=40200406}}</ref>{{Rp|page=235}} When the Chinese dragons were introduced in Japan, they still had three claws.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=94}} Three-clawed dragons were seldom used after the [[Song dynasty]] and were later depicted with four or five claws in China.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=235}} Three-clawed dragons were briefly revived during the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cammann |first=Schuyler |date=1949 |title=Origins of the Court and Official Robes of the Ch'ing Dynasty |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.2307/3248384 |jstor=3248384 |issn=0004-3648}}</ref>
Some authors differentiate Japanese ''ryū'' and Chinese ''long'' dragons by the number of claws on their feet. "In Japan," writes Gould (1896:248), "it is invariably figured as possessing three claws, whereas in China it has four or five, according as it is an ordinary or an Imperial emblem."


During [[World War II]], the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons. The ''[[Yellow Dragon|Kōryū]]'' 蛟竜 < ''[[jiaolong]]'' 蛟龍 "flood dragon" was a [[midget submarine]] and the ''[[Mizuno Shinryu|Shinryū]]'' 神竜 < ''[[shenlong]]'' 神龍 "spirit dragon" was a rocket [[kamikaze]] aircraft. An Imperial Japanese Army division, the 56th Division, was codenamed the Dragon Division. Coincidentally, the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of [[Longling]] (龍陵), whose name means "Dragon's Tomb".
During [[World War II]] the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons. The ''[[Yellow Dragon|Kōryū]]'' 蛟竜 < ''[[jiaolong]]'' 蛟龍 "flood dragon" was a [[midget submarine]] and the ''[[Mizuno Shinryu|Shinryū]]'' 神竜 < ''[[shenlong]]'' 神龍 "spirit dragon" was a rocket [[kamikaze]] aircraft. An Imperial Japanese Army division, the 56th Division, was codenamed the Dragon Division. Coincidentally, the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of [[Longling County|Longling]] (龍陵), whose name means "Dragon's Tomb".


==Indo-Japanese dragons==
==Indo-Japanese dragons==
When [[Buddhist]] monks from other parts of Asia brought their faith to [[Japan]] they transmitted dragon and snake legends from [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]] and [[Hindu mythology]]. The most notable examples are the ''nāga'' ナーガ or 龍 "[[Nāga]]; rain deity; protector of Buddhism" and the ''nāgarāja'' ナーガラージャ or 龍王 ”[[Nagaraja|Nāgaraja]]; snake king; [[dragon king]]". de Visser (1913:179) notes that many Japanese [[nāga]] legends have [[Chinese folklore|Chinese]] features. "This is quite clear, for it was via [[China]] that all the [[India]]n tales came to [[Japan]]. Moreover, many originally Japanese dragons, to which Chinese legends were applied, were afterwards identified with [[nāga]], so that a blending of ideas was the result.
When [[Buddhist]] monks from other parts of Asia brought their faith to [[Japan]] they transmitted dragon and snake legends from [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]] and [[Hindu mythology]]. The most notable examples are the ''nāga'' ナーガ or 龍 "[[Nāga]]; rain deity; protector of Buddhism" and the ''nāgarāja'' ナーガラージャ or 龍王 "[[Nagaraja|Nāgarāja]]; snake king; [[dragon king]]". de Visser (1913:179) notes that many Japanese [[nāga]] legends have [[Chinese folklore|Chinese]] features. "This is quite clear, for it was via [[China]] that all the [[India]]n tales came to [[Japan]]. Moreover, many originally Japanese dragons, to which Chinese legends were applied, were afterwards identified with [[nāga]], so that a blending of ideas was the result.


Some additional examples of Buddhistic Japanese dragons are:
Some additional examples of Buddhistic Japanese dragons are:
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*''Mucharinda'' ムチャリンダ "[[Mucalinda]]" was the Nāga king who protected the Buddha when he achieved [[bodhi]], and is frequently represented as a giant cobra.
*''Mucharinda'' ムチャリンダ "[[Mucalinda]]" was the Nāga king who protected the Buddha when he achieved [[bodhi]], and is frequently represented as a giant cobra.
*[[Benzaiten]] 弁才天 is the Japanese name of the goddess [[Saraswati]], who killed a 3-headed [[Vritra]] serpent or dragon in the ''[[Rigveda]]''. According to the ''[[Enoshima Engi]]'', Benzaiten created [[Enoshima]] Island in 552 CE in order to thwart a 5-headed dragon that had been harassing people.
*[[Benzaiten]] 弁才天 is the Japanese name of the goddess [[Saraswati]], who killed a 3-headed [[Vritra]] serpent or dragon in the ''[[Rigveda]]''. According to the ''[[Enoshima Engi]]'', Benzaiten created [[Enoshima]] Island in 552 CE in order to thwart a 5-headed dragon that had been harassing people.
*[[Kuzuryu|Kuzuryū]] 九頭龍 "9-headed dragon", deriving from the multi-headed Naga king シェーシャ or 舍沙 "[[Shesha]]", is worshipped at [[Togakushi Shrine]] in [[Nagano Prefecture]].
*[[Kuzuryū]] 九頭龍 "9-headed dragon", deriving from the multi-headed Naga king シェーシャ or 舍沙 "[[Shesha]]", is worshipped at [[Togakushi Shrine]] in [[Nagano Prefecture]].
*[[Gozuryū]] 五頭龍 "5-headed dragon" is worshipped at [[Ryuko Myojin Shrine]] in [[Kamakura]].


==Dragon temples==
==Dragon temples==
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The ''Kinryū-no-Mai'' "Golden Dragon Dance" is an annual Japanese [[dragon dance]] performed at [[Sensō-ji]], a Buddhist temple in [[Asakusa]]. The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets. According to legend, the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of [[Kannon]] in the [[Sumida River]], at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven. The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ambassadors-japan.com/en/tokyodailylife/397/ |title=Kinryu no Mai (Golden Dragon Dance) |website=Ambassadors Japan |date=October 6, 2015}}</ref>
The ''Kinryū-no-Mai'' "Golden Dragon Dance" is an annual Japanese [[dragon dance]] performed at [[Sensō-ji]], a Buddhist temple in [[Asakusa]]. The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets. According to legend, the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of [[Kannon]] in the [[Sumida River]], at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven. The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ambassadors-japan.com/en/tokyodailylife/397/ |title=Kinryu no Mai (Golden Dragon Dance) |website=Ambassadors Japan |date=October 6, 2015}}</ref>


[[File:2hoox07jieh31.jpg|thumb|Takenouchi no Sukune Meets the Dragon King of the Sea]]
==Images==
==Images==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Kuniteru Gozu dragon.jpg|[[Susanoo]] slaying the [[Yamata no Orochi]], by [[Kuniteru]]
Image:Kuniteru Gozu dragon.jpg|[[Susanoo]] slaying the [[Yamata no Orochi]], by [[Kuniteru]]
Image:Kunisada II The Dragon.jpg|The Buddha riding a sea-dragon, by [[Kunisada]].
Image:Kunisada II The Dragon.jpg|The Buddha riding a sea-dragon, by [[Kunisada]].
Image:Earthquake_Map_of_Great_Japan_1624_(Dragon).jpg|Earthquake map with a dragon surrounds Japan, 1624
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Dragonn4.jpg|Japanese Dragon fountain in [[Hakone]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Dragonn4.jpg|Japanese Dragon fountain in [[Hakone]] -->
File:Miyata Nobukiyo - Dragon Teapot - Walters 571162 - Profile.jpg|Dragon [[teapot]], [[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Miyata Nobukiyo - Dragon Teapot - Walters 571162 - Profile.jpg|Dragon [[teapot]], [[Walters Art Museum]]
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==Dragons in modern Japanese culture==
==Dragons in modern Japanese culture==
*The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] gave some of their aircraft dragon-related names, for example the [[Kawasaki Ki-45]] twin-engine fighter was called ''Toryu'' (''Dragon Slayer''), the [[Mitsubishi Ki-67]] bomber was called ''Hiryu'' (''Flying Dragon'') and the [[Nakajima Ki-49]] bomber was called ''Donryu'' (''Storm Dragon'').
*The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] gave some of their aircraft dragon-related names, for example the [[Kawasaki Ki-45]] twin-engine fighter was called ''Toryu'' (''Dragon Slayer''), the [[Mitsubishi Ki-67]] bomber was called ''Hiryu'' (''Flying Dragon'') and the [[Nakajima Ki-49]] bomber was called ''Donryu'' (''Storm Dragon'').
* The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and later the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] named some of their ships after dragons. Notable examples are the [[World War II]]-era [[aircraft carrier]]s ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū|Hiryu]]'' and ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū|Sōryū]]'' and the modern [[submarine]]s of the [[Sōryū class submarine|''Sōryū'' class]].
* The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and later the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] named some of their ships after dragons. Notable examples are the [[World War II]]-era [[aircraft carrier]]s ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū|Hiryu]]'' and ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū|Sōryū]]'' and the modern [[submarine]]s of the [[Sōryū-class submarine|''Sōryū'' class]].
*The dragon is a popular figure in [[Yakuza]] art.
*The dragon is a popular figure in [[yakuza]] art.
*[[Manda (kaiju)|Manda]], the kaiju film character appearing in films produced by [[Toho]], is depicted as a Japanese dragon.
*[[Manda (kaiju)|Manda]], the kaiju film character appearing in films produced by [[Toho]], is depicted as a Japanese dragon.
*''[[Dragon Ball]]'', a popular [[manga]] and [[anime]] franchise.


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[Dragons in Manipuri mythology|Manipuri dragons]]
*[[Dragons in Manipuri mythology|Manipuri dragons]]
*[[Vietnamese dragon]]
*[[Vietnamese dragon]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="nihonkokugodaijiten-ganka-no-tama">{{cite dictionary|entry=ganka no tama |script-entry=ja:頷下の珠【がんかのたま】
|title=Seiseban Nihon kokugo daijiten |script-title=ja:精選版 日本国語大辞典 |publisher=Shogakukan |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A0%B7%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E7%8F%A0-469365}}</ref>
}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
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*Heinrich, Amy Vladeck. 1997. ''Currents in Japanese Culture: Translations and Transformations''. Columbia University Press.
*Heinrich, Amy Vladeck. 1997. ''Currents in Japanese Culture: Translations and Transformations''. Columbia University Press.
*Ingersoll, Ernest. 1928. "[http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/ddl/ddl11.htm Chapter Nine: The Dragon in Japanese Art]", in ''Dragons and Dragon Lore'', Payson & Clarke. Also: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). ''The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00D959PJ0
*Ingersoll, Ernest. 1928. "[http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/ddl/ddl11.htm Chapter Nine: The Dragon in Japanese Art]", in ''Dragons and Dragon Lore'', Payson & Clarke. Also: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). ''The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00D959PJ0
*Smith, G. Elliot. 1919. ''[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL313xS648/# The Evolution of the Dragon]''. Longmans, Green & Co.
*Smith, G. Elliot. 1919. ''[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL313xS648/# The Evolution of the Dragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110217/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL313xS648/ |date=2018-01-11 }}''. Longmans, Green & Co.
* {{Citation | last = de Visser | first = Marinus Willern | year = 1913 | url = http://fax.libs.uga.edu/GR830xD7xV8/## | archivedate = 2008-10-26 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081026155019/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/GR830xD7xV8/ | title = The Dragon in China and Japan | publisher = J. Müller}}.
* {{Citation | last = de Visser | first = Marinus Willem |author-link=<!--Marinus Willem de Visser--> | year = 1913 | url = http://fax.libs.uga.edu/GR830xD7xV8/## | archive-date = 2008-10-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081026155019/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/GR830xD7xV8/ | title = The Dragon in China and Japan | publisher = J. Müller}}.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Tatsu}}
{{Commonscat-inline|Japanese dragons}}
{{Commonscat-inline|Japanese dragons}}
*[http://www.blackdrago.com/famous_japanese.htm Dragons of Fame: Japan], The Circle of the Dragon
*[http://www.blackdrago.com/famous_japanese.htm Dragons of Fame: Japan], The Circle of the Dragon
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080620211020/http://www.dragonorama.com/oriental/japanese.html The Japanese Dragon], Dragonorama
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080620211020/http://www.dragonorama.com/oriental/japanese.html The Japanese Dragon], Dragonorama
*[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=795 Ryūjin shinkō], Encyclopedia of Shinto
*[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=795 Ryūjin shinkō], Encyclopedia of Shinto
*[https://archive.is/20121208200416/http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/spring.htm The Azure Dragon of the East], Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara
*[https://archive.today/20121208200416/http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/spring.htm The Azure Dragon of the East], Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara
*[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/r/ryuu.htm Ryuu 龍], Japanese Architecture & Art Net User System
*[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/r/ryuu.htm Ryuu 龍], Japanese Architecture & Art Net User System
<!-- It's not Japanese. *[http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/senshoku/c_ryuho.htm Lucky Motifs on a Dragon Robe], Kyoto National Museum -->
<!-- It's not Japanese. *[http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/senshoku/c_ryuho.htm Lucky Motifs on a Dragon Robe], Kyoto National Museum -->
*[http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/dragon-tattoos.html#japanese Japanese Dragon Tattoos], The Japanese dragon in tattoo art
*[http://www.freetattoodesigns.org/dragon-tattoos.html#japanese Japanese Dragon Tattoos], The Japanese dragon in tattoo art
<!-- dead link *[http://www.fairytail.com/wiki/Dragon_Slayer Humans with the teaching of their foster parents who are dragons] -->
<!-- dead link *[http://www.fairytail.com/wiki/Dragon_Slayer Humans with the teaching of their foster parents who are dragons] -->
* [http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/michi/cgi/detail.cgi?dasID=D0004200019_00000 Dragon Festival for rainmaking in Nio, Japan][[NHK]](video)
* [http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/michi/cgi/detail.cgi?dasID=D0004200019_00000 Dragon Festival for rainmaking in Nio, Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133531/http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/michi/cgi/detail.cgi?dasID=D0004200019_00000 |date=2015-05-26 }}[[NHK]](video)
{{Japanese folklore long}}
{{Japanese folklore long}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Japan}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Japan}}

Revision as of 14:51, 14 April 2024

Japanese sea-dragon, by Utagawa Kuniyoshi
Japanese dragon, by Hokusai
Princess Tamatori steals the Dragon King's jewel, by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.
Emperor Antoku's grandmother rescuing him from a dragon, by Yoshitsuya Ichieisai
A dragon ascends towards the heavens with Mount Fuji in the background in this 1897 ukiyo-e print from Ogata Gekkō's Views of Mount Fuji.

Japanese dragons (日本の竜/龍, Nihon no ryū)[a] are diverse legendary creatures in Japanese mythology and folklore. Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China, Korea and the Indian subcontinent. The style and appearance of the dragon was heavily influenced by the Chinese dragon, especially the three-clawed long (龍) dragons which were introduced in Japan from China in ancient times.[1]: 94  Like these other East Asian dragons, most Japanese ones are water deities or kami[2] associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet.

Indigenous Japanese dragons

Kiyohime Changes from a Dragon into a human woman, by Yoshitoshi Tsukioka
The Dragon King's daughter, whose father the Dragon King lives at the bottom of the sea. By Utagawa Kuniyoshi

The c. 680 AD Kojiki and the c. 720 AD Nihongi mytho-histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons. "In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways," explains de Visser,[3] "but mostly as water-gods, serpent- or dragon-shaped." The Kojiki and Nihongi mention several ancient dragons:

  • Yamata no Orochi (八岐大蛇, lit. 'eight-branched giant snake') was an eight-headed and eight-tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea Susanoo, who discovered the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (legendary sword of the Imperial Regalia of Japan) in one of its tails.
  • Watatsumi (海神, lit. 'sea god') or Ryūjin (龍神, lit. 'dragon god') was the ruler of seas and oceans, and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form. He lived in the undersea Ryūgū-jō (龍宮城, lit. 'dragon palace castle'), where he kept the magical tide jewels.
  • Toyotama-hime (豊玉姫, lit. 'Luminous Pearl Princess') was Ryūjin's daughter. She purportedly was an ancestress of Emperor Jimmu, Japan's legendary first emperor.
  • Wani (鰐) was a sea monster that is translated as both "shark" and "crocodile". Kuma-wani (熊鰐, 'bear (i.e., giant or strong) shark/crocodile') are mentioned in two ancient legends. One says the sea god Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami transformed into an "8-fathom kuma-wani" and fathered Toyotama-hime, the other says a kuma-wani piloted the ships of Emperor Chūai and his Empress Jingū.
  • Mizuchi (蛟 or 虯) was a river dragon and water deity. The Nihongi records legendary Emperor Nintoku offering human sacrifices to mizuchi angered by his river engineering projects.
  • Raijū is Raijin's animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon.
  • Kiyohime (清姫, lit. 'Purity Princess') was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest. After he spurned her, she studied magic, transformed into a dragon, and killed him.
  • Nure-onna (濡女, lit. 'Wet Woman') was a dragon with a woman's head and a snake's body. She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered.
  • Zennyo Ryūō (善如龍王, lit. 'goodness-like dragon king') was a rain-god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake's tail.
  • In the fairy tale "My Lord Bag of Rice", the Ryūō "dragon king" of Lake Biwa asks the hero Tawara Tōda (田原藤太) to kill a giant centipede.
  • Urashima Tarō rescued a turtle which took him to Ryūgū-jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryūjin.

Chinese-Japanese dragons

Chinese dragon mythology appears to be the source of Japanese dragon mythology. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with kanji ("Chinese characters"), either simplified shinjitai 竜 or traditional kyūjitai 龍 from Chinese long 龍. These kanji can be read tatsu in native Japanese kun'yomi,[b] and ryū or ryō in Sino-Japanese on'yomi.[c]

Many Japanese dragon names are loanwords from Chinese. For instance, the Japanese counterparts of the astrological Four Symbols are:

Japanese Shiryū 四竜 "4 dragon [kings]" are the legendary Chinese Longwang 龍王 "Dragon Kings" who rule the four seas.

Some authors attempt to differentiate Japanese ryū and Chinese long dragons by the number of claws on their feet. In 1886 Charles Gould wrote that in Japan the dragon is "invariably figured as possessing three claws, whereas in China it has four or five, according to whether it is an ordinary or an Imperial emblem".[5] A common belief in Japan is that the Japanese dragon was native to Japan and was fond of travelling, gaining claws as it walked further from Japan; e.g. when it arrived in Korea, it gained 4-claws; and when it finally arrived to China, it gained five-claws.[1]: 94  However, contrary to the Japanese belief that the three-clawed dragons also originated in China and were introduced to Japan.[1]: 94  Three-clawed dragons were depicted in China earlier in history[1]: 94  and were the principal form of dragons which were used on the robes of the Tang dynasty.[6]: 235  When the Chinese dragons were introduced in Japan, they still had three claws.[1]: 94  Three-clawed dragons were seldom used after the Song dynasty and were later depicted with four or five claws in China.[6]: 235  Three-clawed dragons were briefly revived during the Qing dynasty.[7]

During World War II the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons. The Kōryū 蛟竜 < jiaolong 蛟龍 "flood dragon" was a midget submarine and the Shinryū 神竜 < shenlong 神龍 "spirit dragon" was a rocket kamikaze aircraft. An Imperial Japanese Army division, the 56th Division, was codenamed the Dragon Division. Coincidentally, the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of Longling (龍陵), whose name means "Dragon's Tomb".

Indo-Japanese dragons

When Buddhist monks from other parts of Asia brought their faith to Japan they transmitted dragon and snake legends from Buddhist and Hindu mythology. The most notable examples are the nāga ナーガ or 龍 "Nāga; rain deity; protector of Buddhism" and the nāgarāja ナーガラージャ or 龍王 "Nāgarāja; snake king; dragon king". de Visser (1913:179) notes that many Japanese nāga legends have Chinese features. "This is quite clear, for it was via China that all the Indian tales came to Japan. Moreover, many originally Japanese dragons, to which Chinese legends were applied, were afterwards identified with nāga, so that a blending of ideas was the result.

Some additional examples of Buddhistic Japanese dragons are:

  • Hachidai ryūō 八大龍王 "8 great naga kings" assembled to hear the Buddha expound on the Lotus Sutra, and are a common artistic motif.
  • Mucharinda ムチャリンダ "Mucalinda" was the Nāga king who protected the Buddha when he achieved bodhi, and is frequently represented as a giant cobra.
  • Benzaiten 弁才天 is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati, who killed a 3-headed Vritra serpent or dragon in the Rigveda. According to the Enoshima Engi, Benzaiten created Enoshima Island in 552 CE in order to thwart a 5-headed dragon that had been harassing people.
  • Kuzuryū 九頭龍 "9-headed dragon", deriving from the multi-headed Naga king シェーシャ or 舍沙 "Shesha", is worshipped at Togakushi Shrine in Nagano Prefecture.
  • Gozuryū 五頭龍 "5-headed dragon" is worshipped at Ryuko Myojin Shrine in Kamakura.

Dragon temples

Dragon lore is traditionally associated with Buddhist temples. Myths about dragons living in ponds and lakes near temples are widespread. De Visser[8] lists accounts for Shitennō-ji in Osaka, Gogen Temple in Hakone, Kanagawa, and the shrine on Mount Haku where the Genpei Jōsuiki records that a Zen priest saw a 9-headed dragon transform into the goddess Kannon. In the present day, the Lake Saiko Dragon Shrine at Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi has an annual festival and fireworks show.

Temple names, like Japanese toponyms, frequently involve dragons. For instance, the Rinzai sect has Tenryū-ji 天龍寺 "Heavenly Dragon Temple", Ryūtaku-ji 龍沢寺 "Dragon Swamp Temple", Ryōan-ji 竜安寺 "Dragon Peace Temple". According to legend,[9] when the Hōkō-ji 法興寺 or Asuka-dera 飛鳥寺 Buddhist temple was dedicated at Nara in 596, "a purple cloud descended from the sky and covered the pagoda as well as the Buddha hall; then the cloud became five-coloured and assumed the shape of a dragon or phoenix".

The Kinryū-no-Mai "Golden Dragon Dance" is an annual Japanese dragon dance performed at Sensō-ji, a Buddhist temple in Asakusa. The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets. According to legend, the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of Kannon in the Sumida River, at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven. The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly.[10]

Takenouchi no Sukune Meets the Dragon King of the Sea

Images

Dragon shrines

Japanese Dragon shrine in Fujiyoshida.

Japanese dragons are mostly associated with Shinto shrines as well as some Buddhist temples.

Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima or Itsukushima Island in Japan's Inland Sea was believed to be the abode of the sea-god Ryūjin's daughter. According to the Gukanshō and The Tale of Heike (Heinrich 1997:74–75), the sea-dragon empowered Emperor Antoku to ascend the throne because his father Taira no Kiyomori offered prayers at Itsukushima and declared it his ancestral shrine. When Antoku drowned himself after being defeated in the 1185 Battle of Dan-no-ura, he lost the imperial Kusanagi sword (which legendarily came from the tail of the Yamata no Orochi] dragon) back into the sea. In another version, divers found the sword, and it is said to be preserved at Atsuta Shrine. The great earthquake of 1185 was attributed to vengeful Heike spirits, specifically the dragon powers of Antoku.

Ryūjin shinkō 竜神信仰 "dragon god faith" is a form of Shinto religious belief that worships dragons as water kami. It is connected with agricultural rituals, rain prayers, and the success[citation needed] of fisherman.

Dragons in modern Japanese culture

See also

Part of a series on
Japanese mythology and folklore
Mythic texts
Divinities
Legendary creatures and urban legends
Mythical and sacred locations
Sacred objects
Shintō and Buddhism

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Or tatsu (竜/龍), in kun'yomi or ryō (龍) pronounced archaically. Cf. § Chinese-Japanese dragons.
  2. ^ As for tatsu (竜/龍), in kun'yomi, note that Japanese custom also followed the Chinese zodiac ("Year of the Dragon") system, in which case the character tatsu (辰) is used. This latter character has traditionally been frequently employed in personal names.
  3. ^ Alternatively ryō (龍), as archaically pronounced, especially in certain combined forms in set phrases, e.g., garyō tensei (画竜点睛), or riryō ganka no tama (驪竜頷下の珠, "jewel below the jaw of the black dragon").[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Bates, Roy (2007). All about Chinese dragons. Beijing: China History Press. ISBN 978-1-4357-0322-3. OCLC 680519778.
  2. ^ Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images. Köln: Taschen. p. 280. ISBN 978-3-8365-1448-4.
  3. ^ de Visser 1913, p. 135.
  4. ^ "ganka no tama" 頷下の珠【がんかのたま】. Seiseban Nihon kokugo daijiten 精選版 日本国語大辞典. Shogakukan.
  5. ^ Gould, Charles (1886). Mythical Monsters. Norderstedt Hansebooks. ISBN 978-3-337-97714-6. OCLC 1199763967.
  6. ^ a b Sullivan, Michael (1999). The arts of China (4th ed., expanded and rev ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21876-0. OCLC 40200406.
  7. ^ Cammann, Schuyler (1949). "Origins of the Court and Official Robes of the Ch'ing Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 12 (3): 189–201. doi:10.2307/3248384. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3248384.
  8. ^ de Visser 1913, pp. 181–84.
  9. ^ de Visser 1913, p. 180.
  10. ^ "Kinryu no Mai (Golden Dragon Dance)". Ambassadors Japan. October 6, 2015.

Bibliography

External links

Media related to Japanese dragons at Wikimedia Commons

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